Current progress on the 3D printing of thermosets
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REVIEW
Current progress on the 3D printing of thermosets Biran Wang 1,2 & Zimeng Zhang 2 & Zhijian Pei 2 & Jingjing Qiu 3 & Shiren Wang 2,4 Received: 7 August 2020 / Revised: 9 October 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract 3D printing has attracted increasing attention as it exhibits excellent potential in the fabrication of 3D complex structures, which are very difficult to make using conventional techniques, with low cost, less energy, and material consumption. Thermosets are integral to today’s aerospace, automotive, marine, and energy industries and will be vital to the next generation of lightweight, energy-efficient structures, owing to their excellent specific strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Manufacturing with thermosets using innovative 3D printing techniques has the potential to revolutionize composite manufacturing. However, thermosets are highly crosslinked and irreversibly cured, and it is challenging to integrate the printing process with curing process at high rate and high quality. This review will address current effort and future direction in 3D printing of thermosets. Keywords 3D printing . Thermosets . Additive manufacturing
1 Introduction Thermosets have increasing importance in recent decades due to many advantages, including thermal stability, chemical resistance, solvent resistance, environmental stability, and mechanical strength [1, 2]. In addition, they are also lightweight, inexpensive, and faster to manufacture in comparison with other materials; in fact, they have been primarily used to replace metals and alloys in a multitude of industries and become especially desirable for a wide range of applications, like medical, engineering, aerospace, robotics, marine, energy, and more [1–3]. They can be found practically everywhere and have become increasingly vital to modern-day society. Unlike thermoplastics, thermosets cannot be easily reshaped after their initial heat-forming due to the high-density crosslinkages during the manufacturing process thus make the formed polymers irreversible. This property makes thermosets * Shiren Wang [email protected] 1
Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417E 68th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
2
Department of Industrial and Systeems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
4
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
well suited to the production of permanent components and large solid shapes. The first commercial thermoset, Bakelite, was developed by Dr. Leo Baekeland in 1909 [4]. Since then, many manufacturing techniques have been developed, including hand lay-up or wet lay-up, spray-up, or chopping, injection molding [5], vacuum bag molding [6], resin transfer molding (RTM or liquid molding) [7], compression molding [8], etc. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvanta
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