Current Status of Hantavirus Vaccines Development

Hantaviruses are associated with two human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas. These viruses are carried by persistently infected rodents and are transmitted to humans

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Current Status of Hantavirus Vaccines Development Evgeniy A. Tkachenko, Tamara K. Dzagurova, and Peter E. Tkachenko Abstract Hantaviruses are associated with two human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas. These viruses are carried by persistently infected rodents and are transmitted to humans by aerosolized rodent excreta. The number of reported cases of hantavirus infection is growing in many countries. New hantavirus strains have been increasingly isolated worldwide raising public-health concerns. There is still no effective antiviral treatment against hantavirus infections. Prevention can be partially achieved by rodent avoidance, but it is not realistic in many endemic areas. The realistic preventive program has to be based on safe and effective multivalent vaccines specific for local epidemiological environment. This chapter summarizes the current status of hantavirus epidemiology and development of preventive strategy to control hantavirus infections. The current and novel hantavirus vaccines are discussed in terms of the demand, population at risk, and the potential market size for specific endemic areas.

5.1

Introduction

Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus) are enveloped, singlestranded, negative-sense RNA viruses, carried primarily by rodents or insectivores of specific host species (Kru¨ger et al. 2011). In humans hantaviruses cause two diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia (Yanagihara and Gajdusek 1988) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World

E.A. Tkachenko (*) • T.K. Dzagurova Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] P.E. Tkachenko First Moscow Medical State University, Moscow, Russia © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 I.S. Lukashevich, H. Shirwan (eds.), Novel Technologies for Vaccine Development, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1818-4_5

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(Nichol et al. 1993; Lopez et al. 1996). Four HFRS human pathogens are Hantaan (HTNV) and Seoul (SEOV) viruses in Asia (where approximately 90 % of worldwide incidences occur) and Puumala (PUUV) and Dobrava/Belgrade (DOBV) viruses in Europe. Two hantaviruses, Sin Nombre (SNV) and Andes (ANDV), cause most HPS cases in North and South America, respectively. The clinical features of HFRS were first described in 1930s in north-central Sweden (Myhrman 1934; Zetterholm 1934) and in Russia Far East (Targanskaia 1935; Smorodintsev et al. 1959; Sirotin and Keiser 2001). Approximately at the same time, a similar disease was described in Manchuria, China (Ishii et al. 1942; Johnson 2001). The Swedes called the disease as epidemic nephropathy, while the Russians and Japanese as Far Eastern nephrosonephritis and Songo fever, respectively. During the Korean War (1951–1953), a disease, known as Korean hemorrhagic fever, appeared among several thousand United Nations personnel (Johnson 2001), leading to