Cytotoxicity of Methylsulfonylmethane on Gastrointestinal (AGS, HepG2, and KEYSE-30) Cancer Cell Lines
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cytotoxicity of Methylsulfonylmethane on Gastrointestinal (AGS, HepG2, and KEYSE-30) Cancer Cell Lines Naser Jafari & Shahab Bohlooli & Sadollah Mohammadi & Mohammad Mazani
Published online: 28 May 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract Purpose This study was conducted to assay cytotoxic effects of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Methods Human gastric carcinoma (AGS), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (KYSE-30) cancer cell lines were treated by MSM and incubated for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cytotoxicity was examined through MTT, neutral red uptake, and protein measurement assays. Ethidium bromide/acridine orange (EB/AO) staining was used for apoptotic cell detection. A diamidino-2-phenylindole staining method was used to analysis cell cycle by flow cytometry. Results IC50 of MSM on AGS, HepG2, and KYSE-30 cell lines were 28.04, 21.87 and 27.98 mg/ml after 72 h, respectively. The EB/AO staining showed an increase in apoptotic cells. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant increase in cell density at G2/M phase. Conclusion MSM had cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines but HepG2 cell line was more susceptible. This study suggests that MSM may induce cytotoxic effect on gastrointestinal cancer cell lines by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Keywords Methylsulfonylmethane . MSM . Cancer cell lines . Cytotoxicity . Apoptosis N. Jafari : S. Bohlooli (*) : S. Mohammadi Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, University Street, Ardabil 56197, Iran e-mail: [email protected] M. Mazani Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Introduction Dimethyl sulfone also known as methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and methyl sulfone is an organic sulfur containing compound that occurs naturally in a variety of fruits, vegetables, unpasteurized milk, grains, meat, eggs, and fish [1]. It has been used as a supplement in the last two decades [2, 3]. MSM has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in an in vitro study [4]. Some studies demonstrated a significant reduction in the time to tumor onset in rats treated with MSM [5]. Recently, it has been suggested that MSM have clinical potential as a nontoxic agent effective against metastatic melanoma [6]. It has been offered that MSM has a chemopreventive mechanism that effects the interaction of tumor cells with the host immune response [7]. An in vitro study showed that MSM induces terminal differentiation, utilizing cyclooxygenase-independent mechanism [8]. In addition, Application of MSM supplements were associated with reduction in colorectal rectal cancer risk [9]. MSM reduces the binding, uptake, and degradation of low-density lipoproteins by cultured fibroblasts [10]. It has also been showed that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and MSM caused dose-dependent suppression of growth and proliferative properties of aortic smooth muscle and endothe
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