Data and Statistics
Statistics is the field of study whose objective is the transformation of data (usually sets of numbers along with identifying characteristics) into information (usually in the form of tables, graphs, and written and verbal summaries) that can inform soun
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Richard M. Heiberger Burt Holland
Statistical Analysis and Data Display An Intermediate Course with Examples in R Second Edition
Springer Texts in Statistics Series Editors: G. Casella Stephen E. Fienberg I. Olkin
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/417
Also by Richard M. Heiberger R through Excel: A Spreadsheet Interface for Statistics, Data Analysis, and Graphics, with Erich Neuwirth, Springer 2009 Computation for the Analysis of Designed Experiments, Wiley 1989
Richard M. Heiberger • Burt Holland
Statistical Analysis and Data Display An Intermediate Course with Examples in R Second Edition
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Richard M. Heiberger Department of Statistics Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
Burt Holland Department of Statistics Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
ISSN 1431-875X ISSN 2197-4136 (electronic) Springer Texts in Statistics ISBN 978-1-4939-2121-8 ISBN 978-1-4939-2122-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2122-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945945 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2004, 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com)
In loving memory of Mary Morris Heiberger To my family: Margaret, Irene, Andrew, and Ben
Preface
1 Audience Students seeking master’s degrees in applied statistics in the late 1960s and 1970s typically took a year-long sequence in statistical methods. Popular choices of the course textbook in that period prior to the availability of high-speed computing and graphics capability were those authored by Snedecor and Cochran (1980) and Steel and Torrie (1960). By 1980, the topical coverage in these classics failed to include a great many new and important elementary techniques in the data analyst’s toolkit. In order to teach the statistical methods sequence with adequate coverage of topics, it becam
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