Decalcified fish scale-based sponge-like nitrogen-doped porous carbon for lithium-sulfur batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Decalcified fish scale-based sponge-like nitrogen-doped porous carbon for lithium-sulfur batteries Rong Yang 1 & Shan Liu 1 & Ying Liu 1 & Lei Liu 1 & Liping Chen 1,2 & Wei Yu 1 & Yinglin Yan 1 & Zufei Feng 1 & Yunhua Xu 2,3 Received: 6 September 2020 / Revised: 29 September 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A decalcified sponge-like nitrogen-doped porous carbon (DFSC) derived from fish scales has been synthesized via decalcification, pre-carbonization, and KOH activation processes. The synthesized carbon possesses high surface area of 2520.9 m2 g−1, large pore volume of 1.40 cm3 g−1, moderate nitrogen content, and hierarchical porous structure, which was used to prepare DFSC/S composite as cathode material in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The DFSC/S composite delivered a better discharge specific capacity of 473.9 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.1 C, and the decay rate per cycle was 0.83%. Even at a higher rate of 0.5 C, the capacity retention of DFSC/S composite was 446.3 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles. The superior performance of the DFSC/S composite was attributed to the highly porous structure, which not only can provide sufficient accommodation space, but also can improve the infiltration of electrolyte, facilitating rapid Li+ ion transfer in Li-S batteries. The moderate nitrogen doping in carbon matrix can strengthen the chemical adsorption of polysulfides. Therefore, DFSC/S composite is a promising cathode material to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries. Keywords Decalcified fish scales . Hierarchical porous carbon . Nitrogen doping . Lithium-sulfur batteries
Introduction Green secondary battery as an efficient and clean new energy has attracted more and more attention [1–5]. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, as one of next-generation power sources, possesses excellent theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh g−1 and high energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1, and environmental friendliness [6–9]. However, Li-S battery still faces some challenges, including (1) poor conductivity of sulfur and final products (Li2S2/Li2S), which can lead to low utilization of active material; (2) dissolution of lithium polysulfides in electrolyte, which can loss the active substances; (3) volume
* Rong Yang [email protected] 1
International Research Center for Composite and Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Chemical Power Sources, School of Science, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, People’s Republic of China
3
Yulin University, Yulin 719000, People’s Republic of China
changes of electrode during charge-discharge processes, which can lead to cracks in the electrode; and (4) the formation of lithium dendrite, which can cause internal short circuit [10–12]. To solve the abovementioned challenges, researchers have been focused on lithium anode protection [13, 14], electrolyte
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