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Review of the application of biomass-derived porous carbon in lithium-sulfur batteries Qian Li 1,2 & Yongpeng Liu 1,2 & Yang Wang 1,2 & Yanxiao Chen 1,2 & Xiaodong Guo 1,2 & Zhenguo Wu 1,2 & Benhe Zhong 1,2 Received: 3 June 2020 / Revised: 20 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Biomass in nature has diverse microstructures and abundant chemical compositions. There has been a surge of interest in biomass-derived carbon materials due to their adjustable physical and chemical properties, strong chemisorption, environmental friendliness, and low cost. In recent years, research on biomass-derived carbon in energy storage devices, especially lithium batteries, has emerged endlessly. This paper introduces the application of different types of biomass in the host and separator of lithium-sulfur batteries. These biomass carbons have their characteristics in structure, composition, and design. In-depth discussion of the actual impact of these characteristics on battery performance. According to the actual industrial application conditions, the practical problems faced by lithium-sulfur batteries are emphasized, and the future application prospects of bio-derived carbon materials are discussed. Keywords Biomass-derived carbon . Lithium-sulfur battery . Hierarchical porous carbon . Heteroatom-doping carbon materials

Introduction With the rapid development of global economy, as well as changing lifestyle, the demand for energy is increasing rapidly. With the development of the world, traditional fossil energy resources are increasingly scarce, and the burning of fossil energy would lead to serious environmental pollution [1−5]. To solve the energy crisis, scientists are actively exploring alternatives. In 1991, lithium-ion batteries began to be commercialized and then be widely used in people’s daily life, such as mobile phones, computers, mobile power supplies, and electric vehicles [6]. Lithium-sulfur batteries, as secondary lithium-ion batteries with high energy density, occupy a very important position in the future development of the lithium-ion battery market.

* Yanxiao Chen [email protected] 1

School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu 610065 China

2

Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Cleaning Process of Phosphate Resource, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065 China

The earliest research report of lithium-sulfur batteries was in 1963; Ulam J [7] first used elemental sulfur as the positive electrode of lithium batteries. Assuming that sulfur is completely converted to Li2S during the battery discharge process, the theoretical specific capacity [8] is as high as 1675 mAh g−1, and the theoretical specific energy after assembly with the lithium metal battery can reach 2600 Wh kg−1, which is a promising secondary lithium battery system [9]. In addition to its electrical performance, the obvious advantages of sulfur are non-toxicity, safety, large storage capacity,