Deep eutectic solvent synthesis of a 3D hierarchical porous NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 /C as a high-performance anode for sodium-i
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Deep eutectic solvent synthesis of a 3D hierarchical porous NaTi2(PO4)3/C as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries Fang Jiang 1 & Yan Zhou 2 & Jing Su 1 & Yun-Fei Long 1 & Xiao-Yan Lv 3 & Yan-Xuan Wen 1 Received: 13 April 2020 / Revised: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A 3D hierarchical porous NaTi2(PO4)3/C was successfully synthesized by using choline chloride/triethanolamine-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), which act as both solvent and template. The as-synthesized sample consisted of carbon-coated nanosized NaTi2(PO4)3 with abundant macropores. When this sample is used as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, it exhibits excellent rate capability (116 mAh g−1 at 5 C and 113 mAh g−1 at 20 C) and superior long-term cyclic stability (capacity retention of over 99% after 1000 cycles at 5 and 20 C). The improved performance can be ascribed to the high Na+ transport and its high structural stability. The excellent electrochemical results indicate that the prepared 3D hierarchical porous NaTi2(PO4)3/C could be used as a promising anode material for SIBs. The finding of this work opens a new way to design porous electrode materials by using DESs as structure-directing reagent. Keywords Sodium-ion batteries . Anode materials . NaTi2(PO4)3 . Deep eutectic solvent
Introduction Resource depletion and environmental pollution issues caused by the excessive consumption of fossil fuels have motivated researchers to find new renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy [1]. Since the intermittent and variable nature of the output of renewable energy can seriously affect the stability of the grid, energy storage systems (ESSs) are needed to smoothly integrate renewable energy output into the grid [1]. Among the ESSs, batteries have been extensively investigated as ideal candidates for energy storage systems due to their flexibilities, high energy conversion efficiencies, and simple maintenances [2]. Although the energy densities of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been increased to a suitable level, which could be applicable to grid-scale energy storage systems, the low abundance of lithium limited their large-scale applications [3]. Compared with other batteries, sodium-ion * Yan-Xuan Wen [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
2
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, Guangxi, China
3
The New Rural Development Research Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
batteries (SIBs) will become especially attractive to replace LIBs as the next-generation energy storage batteries due to the abundance of sodium and its low cost [4]. However, the SIBs suffer poor rate performance and short cycling life span due to the large sodium ionic radius and the huge volume expansion during the charge/discharge process. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop suitable e
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