Demographic and morphometric features of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunder) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Demographic and morphometric features of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunder) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on four host plants Muhammad Naeem Mushtaq 1 & Muhammad Arshad 1 & Shahid Majeed 1 & Sajid Aleem Khan 2 Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 3 June 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Infestation of pink bollworm, which is generally considered monophagous continue to grow and spread. This study was conducted to record pink bollworm infestation on four host plants under field and laboratory conditions. Lucerne and tomato were free from pink bollworm damage while okra fruit and cotton flowers and bolls were highly infested. Pink bollworm showed strong affinity with cotton flowers with rosettes first appearing on 15th June and peaking at the end of season. Boll infestation started on 15th July and peaked on 15th October. In okra fruit, first infestation appeared on 30th August and peaked on 30th October. Pink bollworm individuals took 52.698 days to complete their life cycle when reared on okra and 54.775 days on cotton. The morphometric measurement of reared pink bollworm was also calculated. Keywords Cotton . Lucerne . Tomato . Okra . Host plants . Infestation . Measurement
Introduction Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is having a negative effect on cotton production (Henneberry and Naranjo 1998) especially on Bt varieties. Infestation are mainly observed when bolls open and they are shown to be damaged or have damaged seeds. Infestation occur when cotton stubble and bolls are left in the field providing additional resources for pest survival and new pest population to infest newly planted crops. Approximate losses caused by P. gossypiella are 2.8– 61.9% to seed cotton, 2.1–47.1% to oil contents and 10.7– 59.2% to cotton bolls, preventing normal opening (Patil 2003; Prasad et al. 2018). The larvae devour flowers, squares and bolls (Ashfaq et al. 2006) and it is estimated that more
* Muhammad Naeem Mushtaq [email protected] Muhammad Arshad [email protected] 1
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
than 80% of farmers suffer damage (Arshad and Suhail 2011). Millions of dollars are spent for pink bollworm control, annually (Arshad and Suhail 2011). Host plant resistance is an environmentally friendly and economical (Khan and Saxena 1998) method of pest management used against various insect pests. The use of resistant varieties also minimizes the development of insecticide resistance in pest species. There are several physio-morphic characteristics in cotton genotypes that impart tolerance against insect pest attack and in Pakistan, breeders continuously make efforts to develop insect resistant varieties by using several breeding methods (Ashfaq et al. 2010). However, after a few years of use, these genotypes become susceptible. Utilization of all currently available germplasm and the discovery of new germplasm i
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