The Influence of Age on Morphometric and Textural Vertebrae Features in Lateral Cervical Spine Radiographs
This article presents research on the relationship between age on one hand and morphometric and textural features of vertebrae in lateral cervical spine radiographs on the other. Images were collected for 93 men and 88 women as a population sample. Region
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Abstract This article presents research on the relationship between age on one hand and morphometric and textural features of vertebrae in lateral cervical spine radiographs on the other. Images were collected for 93 men and 88 women as a population sample. Regions of interest were marked on each image and analyzed using the MaZda software. Statistical analysis identified features that are correlated significantly with age. The strongest correlations were found for equivalent ellipsoid diameter in the case of morphometry, and LBP, GLCM, and GRLM for textures. The influence on the results of image formats, color depth and gender is also discussed. Keywords Texture analysis · Morphometry · LBP · GLCM · GRLM · Age · Trabecular bone
1 Introduction Research shows that changes occur in the spine as a result of ageing. Genetic conditions, sport, lifestyle, hormonal changes, and diseases can affect the rate of these changes. Therefore, it is often the case that the condition of the spine is much worse than the patient’s age would indicate. With increasing age, there is selective loss of transversely oriented trabeculae, therefore the cervical vertebrae become wider and shorter. This leads to intervertebral disc shape changes, changes in elasticity and spinal posture, or osteopenia, which is a disease that is considered to be an early stage of osteoporosis and affects women P. Mazur · A. Piórkowski (B) Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland e-mail: [email protected] R. Obuchowicz Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Cracow, Poland e-mail: [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 E. Pi¸etka et al. (eds.), Information Technology in Biomedicine, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1186, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49666-1_6
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more often than man. This is because bone is a tissue that is significantly influenced by hormones, which affect males and females differently [16]. Osteoporosis or osteopenia are not the only skeletal diseases. With age, people are exposed to erosion, syndesmophytes or osteophytes [1]. Another relatively common problem is spondyloarthritis [5], which may lead to structural damage [6]. Osteogenesis, which is a result of chronic inflammation, is a medical term for new bone formation. Excessive bone formation leads to changes in the shape of the spine which make it stiff. Assessment of the age of human bones is an interesting issue for many doctors because it enables correct diagnosis or choice of appropriate treatment. One piece of research presents a scale that can be used to determine the various stages of cervical spine degeneration and its biological age [17]. A scoring system was established, as part of which MRI images are assessed. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the patient’s age and the
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