Derivatization gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace organic pollu
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REVIEW
Derivatization gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace organic pollutants and their metabolites in human biological samples Yan Yang 1,2 & Meiqing Lin 1 & Jian Tang 1 & Shengtao Ma 1,2
&
Yingxin Yu 1
Received: 23 April 2020 / Revised: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) is a preferred instrumental approach for the trace and ultra-trace analysis of various toxic organics and their metabolites in human biological fluids. Specifically, the method has played an important role in the highly sensitive and specific quantitative detection of persistent highly halogenated compounds in environmental matrices and biota during the past few decades. However, for the analysis of toxic metabolites with active hydrogen atoms, such as acids, alcohols, and phenolic compounds, from biological matrixes or organics without electronegative atoms or groups, a derivatization step is often needed prior to GC analysis. Such derivatization aims to change the properties of targets to improve their separation, increase their volatility, and enhance the sensitivity of instrumental detection. This review summarizes three derivatization strategies commonly used for GC methods, i.e., alkylation, silylation, and acylation, together with their application combined with GC-NCI-MS for the high sensitivity analysis of toxic organic metabolites in the human body. The advantages and disadvantages of each derivatization method and potential directions for future applications are discussed. Given the broad variety of applications as well as the compound-specific sensitivity for the ultra-trace analysis of target xenobiotics in human biological fluids, subsequent studies are required to develop convenient, faster derivatization procedures and reagents better suited for routine analysis. Keywords Negative chemical ionization . Derivatization . Alkylation . Silylation . Acylation . Metabolites
Introduction The potential human health effects of organic pollutants have made human exposure assessment and metabolite identification a priority. During the past few decades, various analytical techniques have been developed to search for biomarkers of human exposure to environmental toxic organics in a range of bodily materials, including human blood or serum, breast
* Shengtao Ma [email protected] 1
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
2
Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, Guangdong, China
milk, adipose tissue, urine, hair, nails, saliva, and other biofluids [1–6]. Numerous metabolic transformation products have been identified and abundant data on
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