Dermatologic Manifestations of Nutritional Deficiency
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DERMATOLOGY AND WOUND CARE (C SAYED, SECTION EDITOR)
Dermatologic Manifestations of Nutritional Deficiency Alana Deutsch 1 & Jamie Manning 1 Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Dermatologic manifestations of systemic diseases provide distinctive and reliable diagnostic clues that hasten time to intervention and improve overall outcomes. Notably, nutritional deficiencies are a class of diseases with representative and well-established dermatologic associations. Nutritional deficiencies can be primary or secondary and genetic or acquired; however, mucocutaneous findings remain characteristic irrespective of etiology. Purpose of Review This review will summarize the major classifications of nutritional deficiencies with a focus on conditions relevant and of greatest impact to the geriatric population. Recent Findings Recent literature has largely supported the well-known, pathognomonic mucocutaneous findings associated with nutritional deficiencies as well as displayed atypical clinical presentations and elucidated pathophysiologic mechanisms, which increases awareness and expands the breadth of knowledge of these disorders. Summary Total and specific micronutrient deficiencies can produce a vast array of mucocutaneous findings. These dermatologic manifestations of nutritional deficiencies are critical for all clinicians to recognize to enable prompt diagnosis and treatment. The geriatric population is specifically at-risk and attentiveness towards subtle signs of disease may substantially improve overall health outcomes. Keywords Nutritional deficiency . Skin diseases . Protein energy malnutrition . Fat-soluble vitamins . Water-soluble vitamins . Trace elements and minerals . Dermatology . Geriatrics
Introduction Malnutrition is most commonly thought of as a primary dietary deficiency in low-income countries [1]. However, it is also widespread in developed countries and its prevalence and importance are often overlooked [1, 2]. Elderly individuals are particularly susceptible to nutritional deficiencies due to increasing burden of chronic disease and the related drug load, declining cognitive abilities, rising rates of mood disorders, and deteriorating dentition [3]. While some patients with nutritional deficiencies have obvious clinical presentations, others are subtle and, when not actively being considered, easily missed. Cutaneous manifestations of nutritional This article is part of the Topical Collection on Dermatology and Wound Care * Jamie Manning [email protected] 1
Division of Dermatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
deficiency are manifold and familiarization with these easily visualized clues is beneficial to all health care providers to improve awareness, rate of diagnosis, and management of nutritional deficiencies. In this review, we will summarize the major categories of nutritional deficiencies including protein energy malnutrition as well a
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