Design, Implementation, and Validation of a Pulsatile Heart Phantom Pump
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Design, Implementation, and Validation of a Pulsatile Heart Phantom Pump Volkan Tuncay 1 & Jan Zijlstra 2 & Matthijs Oudkerk 1 & Peter M. A van Ooijen 1,3 Received: 12 July 2019 / Revised: 25 June 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The developments in Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance allow visualization of blood flow in vivo using these techniques. However, validation tests are needed to determine a gold standard. For the validation tests, controllable systems that can generate pulsatile flow are needed. In this study, we aimed to develop an affordable pulsatile pump and an artificial circulatory system to simulate the blood flow for validation purposes. Initially, the prerequisites for the phantom were pulsating flow output equal to that of the human cardiac pulse pattern; the flow pattern of the mimicked cardiac output should be equal to that of a human, a variable stroke volume (40–120 ml/beat), and a variable heart rate (60–170 bpm). The developed phantom setup was tested with CT scanner. A washout profile was created based on the image intensity of the selected slice. The test was successful for a heart rate of 70 bpm and a stroke volume of 68 ml, but the system failed to work at various heartbeats and stroke volumes. This was due to the problems with software of the microcontroller. As conclusion in this study, we present a proof of concept for a pulsatile heart phantom pump that can be used in validation tests. Keywords Pulsatile pump . Phantom design . Cardiovascular circulation mimicking . Computed Tomography imaging . Pulsatile flow
Background The advent of new and improved scanning algorithms for both Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) combined with their increased temporal resolution have facilitated the ability to measure and visualize blood flow and perfusion in vivo using these techniques [1, Key points • Accurate validation needed to determine gold standard in medical imaging. • Phantoms are needed for validation purposes. • A controllable system generating pulsatile flow is designed. * Peter M. A van Ooijen [email protected] 1
Center for Medical Imaging - North East Netherlands (CMI-NEN), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO BOX 30001, NL-9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
2
Institute of Engineering, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
3
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
2]. However, accurate validation is needed to determine the gold standard. Phantoms are commonly used for the validation purposes [3, 4]. For proper validation and calibration, a controllable system is required which mimics the dynamic pumping function of the heart. Phantoms are developed using different kinds of pumps to mimic the blood flow [5–7]. However, the type of pump used has major impact on its applicability. Laminar flow pumps do not generate a pulsatile flow, which is needed to mimic the blood
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