Design of a Useful Diagrammatic Scale for the Quantification of Lecanicillium fungicola Disease in Agaricus bisporus Cul
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Design of a Useful Diagrammatic Scale for the Quantification of Lecanicillium fungicola Disease in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation Cinthia E. C. Caitano1 · Matheus R. Iossi1 · Arturo Pardo‑Giménez2 · Wagner G. Vieira Júnior1 · Eustáquio S. Dias3 · Diego C. Zied4 Received: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of the research was (i) to evaluate white and cream strains of A. bisporus yields when challenged or not with the pathogen L. fungicola, (ii) to identify the more aggressive pathogen isolates, and (iii) to develop a diagrammatic scale of spot symptoms on infected mushrooms. The experiment was carried out using two strains of A. bisporus (white and cream strains, ABI 19/01 and PB 19/01, respectively) and four isolates of L. fungicola (LF 19/01, FL 19/02, LF 19/03, and LF 19/04). The A. bisporus white strain (ABI 19/01) reached a higher yield of healthy mushrooms compared to the cream strain (PB 19/01) with values of 23.8 and 14.1%, respectively. The LF 19/03 pathogen was most aggressive, reducing the yield of healthy mushrooms by up to 64% for the PB 1/01 strain, and 49.6% for the ABI 19/01 strain. Additionally, for the same isolate, larger mushroom areas were affected, while also displaying symptoms precociously during the second flush. Finally, using the set of visually displayed symptoms assessed in this study, we were able to construct a diagrammatic scale to assist commercial mushroom growers for managing diseased crops.
Introduction Agaricus bisporus is a lignolytic and saprophytic basidiomy‑ cete, commonly grown in pasteurized formulated composts [1, 2]. Better known as white button mushroom, A. bisporus was discovered in France and introduced in Brazil in 1953, characterizing it as a recent crop [3, 4]. The cultivation of commercial mushroom crops gener‑ ally requires a step commonly known as “casing” which consists of covering the compost with a layer of peat moss
* Diego C. Zied [email protected] 1
Programa de Pós Graduação Em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias E Veterinária (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884‑900, Brazil
2
Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), 16220 Quintanar del Rey, Cuenca, Spain
3
Departamento de Biologia (DBI), Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG 37200‑900, Brazil
4
Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651, Bairro das Antes, Dracena, SP 17900‑000, Brazil
which provides physical support of mushroom growth and maintains optimal moisture levels during cultivation [5]. Despite these benefits, the casing layer can be associated with contamination by Lecanicillium fungicola, which causes dry bubble disease [6]. L. fungicola has been identi‑ fied in compost prior to application of the casing layer in mushroom cultivation [7]. It is possible that certain casing layer propertie
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