Detection of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons in a range of commercial fish oils by GC-ICPMS analysis
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RESEARCH PAPER
Detection of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons in a range of commercial fish oils by GC-ICPMS analysis Veronika Sele & Heidi Amlund & Marc H. G. Berntssen & Jannicke A. Berntsen & Kasper Skov & Jens J. Sloth
Received: 1 January 2013 / Revised: 15 March 2013 / Accepted: 18 March 2013 / Published online: 26 April 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract The present study describes the use of a simple solid-phase extraction procedure for the extraction of arseniccontaining hydrocarbons from fish oil followed by analysis using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The procedure permitted the analysis of a small sample amount, and the method was applied on a range of different commercial fish oils, including oils of anchovy (Engraulis ringens), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), sand eel (Ammodytes marinus), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and a commercial mixed fish oil (mix of oils of Atlantic herring, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens)). Total arsenic concentrations in the fish oils and in the extracts of the fish oils were determined by microwave-assisted acid digestion and ICPMS. The arsenic concentrations in the fish oils ranged from 5.9 to 8.7 mg kg−1. Three dominant arsenic-containing hydrocarbons in addition to one minor unidentified compound were detected in all the oils using GC-ICPMS. The molecular structures of the arseniccontaining hydrocarbons, dimethylarsinoyl hydrocarbons (C17H38AsO, C19H42AsO, C23H38AsO), were verified using ABC Highlights: authored by Rising Stars and Top Experts. V. Sele : H. Amlund : M. H. G. Berntssen : J. A. Berntsen : J. J. Sloth National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Post Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway V. Sele Institute of Biology, University of Bergen, Post Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway K. Skov : J. J. Sloth (*) National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark e-mail: [email protected]
GC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and the accurate masses of the compounds were verified using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS). Additionally, total arsenic and the arsenic-containing hydrocarbons were studied in decontaminated and in nondecontaminated fish oils, where a reduced arsenic concentration was seen in the decontaminated fish oils. This provided an insight to how a decontamination procedure originally ascribed for the removal of persistent organic pollutants affects the level of arsenolipids present in fish oils. Keywords Arsenic . Arsenolipids . ICPMS . Decontamination . Speciation . GC-MS/MS . qTOF-MS
Introduction Arsenic is a ubiquitous element that is released into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic processes. The element has in particular been studied in marine samples, where relatively high levels of arsenic can be found, normally ranging from 1 to 170 mg kg−1 wet weight (w.w.) compared to samples of terrestrial origin (usually m/z precursor
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