Detection of Early Morning Daily Activities with Static Home and Wearable Wireless Sensors
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Research Article Detection of Early Morning Daily Activities with Static Home and Wearable Wireless Sensors Nuri Firat Ince,1, 2 Cheol-Hong Min,1 Ahmed Tewfik,1 and David Vanderpool1 1 Department 2 Minneapolis
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Minnesota, MN 55417, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmed Tewfik, [email protected] Received 1 March 2007; Accepted 12 July 2007 Recommended by Enis Ahmet Cetin This paper describes a flexible, cost-effective, wireless in-home activity monitoring system for assisting patients with cognitive impairments due to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The system locates the subject with fixed home sensors and classifies early morning bathroom activities of daily living with a wearable wireless accelerometer. The system extracts time- and frequencydomain features from the accelerometer data and classifies these features with a hybrid classifier that combines Gaussian mixture models and a finite state machine. In particular, the paper establishes that despite similarities between early morning bathroom activities of daily living, it is possible to detect and classify these activities with high accuracy. It also discusses system training and provides data to show that with proper feature selection, accurate detection and classification are possible for any subject with no subject specific training. Copyright © 2008 Nuri Firat Ince et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability in the United States (US). According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the number of TBI patients in the US is 5.3 million [1]. About 2% of the US population has a long-term TBI and needs assistance to perform activities of daily living (ADL). This number is expected to rise with the increase in the elderly population. Males are twice as likely to sustain TBI compared to females. Furthermore, recent military actions in Iraq have led to a marked increase in TBI amongst active duty soldiers in the 18–25 age group. For example, one of a Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center’s report indicates that 62% of patients screened between July and November of 2003 were identified as suffering from brain injury [2]. Direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $60 billion in the US in 2000 [3]. The system that we describe here can decrease this cost while still allowing TBI patients to lead independent and productive lives. Traumatic brain injury is caused by a sudden impact or a penetrating injury to the head. In general, the frontal part of the brain is damaged in TBI cases. The frontal lobe is
known to control higher cognitive functions. Therefore, TBI patients have difficulties with attent
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