Determination of Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Cereals by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detect
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Determination of Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside in Cereals by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection Zhiming Geng & Dan Yang & Miaoping Zhou & Pingping Zhang & Daoying Wang & Fang Liu & Yongzhi Zhu & Muhan Zhang
Received: 18 June 2013 / Accepted: 19 September 2013 / Published online: 1 October 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract A new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method was developed for the determination of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in cereals. D3G was extracted with water and cleaned with an immunoaffinity (IA) column, followed by chromatographic separation on a Syncronis HILIC column with acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase, and detected at 220 nm by UV detection. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the range of 0.1–2.0 μg/ml. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 8 and 25 μg/kg, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of D3G in 14 cereal samples, which were analyzed as well as by LC-MS/MS. The results indicate that the method can be considered as an alternative to LC-MS/MS and could be adopted by nonprofessional analytical labs. Keywords Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside . Cereal . Hydrophilic interaction chromatography . Ultraviolet detection
Introduction Deoxynivalenol (DON, Fig. 1) is produced by Fusarium genus, mainly Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum , Fusarium avenaceu, and Fusarium poae (Champeil et al. 2004). DON can be commonly found in various Fusariuminfested cereals worldwide such as wheat, barley, and corn. Z. Geng (*) : D. Wang : F. Liu : Y. Zhu : M. Zhang Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] D. Yang : M. Zhou : P. Zhang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People’s Republic of China
DON exposure can lead to illnesses and immunosuppressive effects in humans and animals (Eriksen and Pettersson 2004; Foroud and Eudes 2009). Many countries in the world have established maximum limit of DON in cereals and cerealbased foods (Pestka and Smolinski 2005), and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 1 μg/kg bw (Warth et al. 2012). Cereal crops exposed to DON infection are capable of detoxifying this mycotoxin through plant metabolism, and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G, Fig. 1) is the major plant metabolite of DON (Lancova et al. 2008). The efficiency of converting DON into D3G is closely related with the resistance toward the spread of the DON producing Fusarium genus inside the plant (Lemmens et al. 2005). The speculation about the existence of conjugated DON in DON-contaminated cereals arose as early as in 1980s (Miller et al. 1983), but it was confirmed only recently (Poppenberger et al. 2003; Berthiller et al. 2005). The data available indicates that D3G can be found in most of DON-contaminated c
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