Determination of the major geochemical processes of groundwater along the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of Trichinopoly,
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Determination of the major geochemical processes of groundwater along the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of Trichinopoly, Tamilnadu, India N. Devaraj1 • S. Chidambaram2 • U. Vasudevan1 • K. Pradeep1 • M. Nepolian1 M. V. Prasanna3 • V. S. Adithya1 • R. Thilagavathi1 • C. Thivya1 • Banajarani Panda1
•
Received: 3 February 2019 / Revised: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 8 January 2020 Ó Science Press and Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The hydrogeochemical variations in groundwater are mainly influenced by lithology, residence time of water in the aquifer matrix, and anthropogenic activities. This study was focused on the geochemical variations of groundwater in different lithological units (Archaean, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary) by understanding the major factors governing the geochemical variations in each lithology. The 71 groundwater samples were collected from these rock types, namely, Archaean (14), Cretaceous (37), Tertiary (11), Quaternary (9). The collected samples were measured for major ions and they were used for preparation of standard geochemical plots and ionic ratios. Factor analysis and factor score were used to identify the major factors controlling the hydrochemistry and their spatial distribution in the study area. In addition, geochemical model, WATEQ 4F was used to determine the saturation condition of carbonate and sulphate minerals in the groundwater. Na–Cl and mixed Ca–Na–HCO3 were the dominant hydrochemical facies irrespective of lithological units. The overall interpretation of geochemical data revealed that leaching of secondary salts, weathering and ion exchange reaction along the groundwater flow path through various lithological units, and anthropogenic influence from domestic sewages and agricultural activities
& M. V. Prasanna [email protected] 1
Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu 608002, India
2
Water Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
3
Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
constitute the major geochemical processes in the study area. Hence, this study brings out the multiple hydrogeochemical process in the complex geological terrain along the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Keywords Groundwater Geochemical process Major ions Correlation Factor analysis
1 Introduction The hydrogeochemical processes such as ion exchange, dissolution, and precipitation of minerals through water– rock interactions and various anthropogenic activities influence the groundwater chemistry (Aref and Roosta 2016; Ayed et al. 2017; Kim et al. 2019; Ahmed et al. 2019). These hydrogeochemical processes are the major controlling factors for the spatial and temporal variations in groundwater composition (Singh et al. 2011, 2017; Rina et al. 2013a, b; Arslan 2017; He et al. 2017; Savic et al. 2018). Researchers have identifie
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