Applications of geochemical and multivariate statistical approaches for the evaluation of groundwater quality and human
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Applications of geochemical and multivariate statistical approaches for the evaluation of groundwater quality and human health risks in a semi-arid region of eastern Maharashtra, India Deepali Marghade
. Deepak B. Malpe . N. Subba Rao
Received: 13 May 2019 / Accepted: 14 November 2019 Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract A qualitative approach, including geochemical and multivariate statistical approaches, is applied to evaluate the groundwater quality and human health risk, based on analytical data of 72 samples collected from a semi-arid region of eastern Maharashtra, India. The shifting of hydrochemical ? 2? type from Ca2?–Na?–HCO 3 to Na –Ca –Cl type was observed along different flow paths. The main controlling processes observed from the chemical characterisation of the groundwater are water–rock interactions, dedolomitisation and reverse ion exchange. Simulation analysis (mass transfer) exposes the dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, halite, k-feldspar and CO2 down the simulated pathways. Around 77% of the total variance was observed from the first three principal component analyses. The high positive loadings of EC, TDS, Na?, K?, Ca2?, Cl-, NO 3 and 2 SO4 of PC1 revealed silicate weathering and reverse ion exchange followed by human activities as the
contamination sources. The sources identified for high 2 positive loadings on HCO 3 and SO4 of PC2 are soil CO2 and human activities. The high loadings of pH and F- in PC3 revealed fluorite dissolution and calcite precipitation. The human health risk calculated for NO 3 revealed that 58% and 44% of the total groundwater samples surpassed the tolerance limit for non-carcinogenic risk of 1.0 in children and adults. The human health risk assessment for fluoride showed high hazard index values in 40% and 23% of the total groundwater samples for children and adults, respectively. The study suggests some management measures for protection of groundwater resources. Keywords Geochemical modelling Mass transfer Principal component analysis Health risk estimation Groundwater quality India
Introduction D. Marghade (&) Department of Applied Chemistry, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India e-mail: [email protected] D. B. Malpe Department of Geology, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, India N. Subba Rao Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India
In semi-arid and arid areas, where precipitation is rare and evaporation is very high, groundwater becomes the most imperious water resource. Groundwater is very imperative in maintaining ecosystems during socio-economic development (Li et al. 2018a; Subba Rao et al. 2019a; Wu et al. 2019a). The rigorous extraction of groundwater, decreased rainfall frequency and decline in its natural restoration capacity
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Environ Geochem Health
inevitably intensify the groundwater depression. Simultaneously, the groundwater pollution becomes noxious because of the migration of solutes by hydrodynamic
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