Developing Climate Smart Aerobic Rice Varieties for Addressing the Problems of Water Scarcity and Global Warming
Growing population, rising demand for food, looming water crisis, climate change and global warming, reduced nutrient availability, higher cost of irrigation, and poor availability of labor have threatened the puddled transplanted system of rice (PTR). Ri
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Developing Climate Smart Aerobic Rice Varieties for Addressing the Problems of Water Scarcity and Global Warming Nitika Sandhu, Virender Singh, Manvesh Kumar Sihag, Sunita Jain, and Rajinder Kumar Jain
Abstract
Growing population, rising demand for food, looming water crisis, climate change and global warming, reduced nutrient availability, higher cost of irrigation, and poor availability of labor have threatened the puddled transplanted system of rice (PTR). Rice needs two to three times more water than other cereals. Due to water scarcity, farmers may not be in a state to use the same amount of water for cultivation of rice and there is an urgent need to find out long-term effective and reliable methods to grow rice more efficiently. Use of machines, new technologies, coping strategies, genes for a range of agro-ecologies varying in edaphic and water regimes, and novel genomic techniques will allow us to move toward resource (labor, water, and energy) efficient and climate smart agriculture, especially in the case of rice. The identification of suitable traits and use of correlated genetic regions for seedling establishment and root traits that can potentially improve the nutrient uptake and grain yield under water-deficient conditions and pyramiding of these regions in a breeding program may lead to higher yield and adaptability of rainfed rice under aerobic conditions. Understanding of molecular mechanisms and successful exploitation of major N. Sandhu Division of Plant Breeding, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines V. Singh Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal 132 001, Haryana, India M.K. Sihag Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy and Food Technology (MIDFT), Mehsana 384 002, Gujarat, India S. Jain • R.K. Jain (*) Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 S.K. Gahlawat et al. (eds.), Plant Biotechnology: Recent Advancements and Developments, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4732-9_4
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effect genetic regions in various genetic backgrounds under variable environment and subsequent selection of lines with desired traits may result in development of novel water-efficient aerobic rice varieties. This chapter reviews the research including the development and use of innovative technologies and identification of useful traits and genetic regions associated with aerobic adaptation to achieve resource efficient cultivation of rice and to combat the effects of climate shift, water scarcity, and global warming.
4.1
Introduction
Rice, the major user of world’s fresh water resources, accounts for about 24–30% withdrawal of the total fresh water and consumption of 34–43% of the total irrigation water. Water requirement for rice is two to three times more than that of other cereals such as wheat. While comparable evapo-transpirational rate of water loss has been reported in rice and wh
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