Development and Characterization of Functionalized Titanium Dioxide-Reinforced Sulfonated Copolyimide (SPI/TiO 2 ) Nanoc
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Development and Characterization of Functionalized Titanium Dioxide‑Reinforced Sulfonated Copolyimide (SPI/TiO2) Nanocomposite Membranes with Improved Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrochemical Properties Nisar Ali1,2 · Amir Said3 · Farman Ali3 · Muzafar Khan3 · Zeshan Ali Sheikh3 · Muhammad Bilal4 Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 20 June 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sulfonated polyimide (SPI) membranes are regarded as the potential alternative to Nafion as a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for fuel cells. Herein, sulfonated copolyimide is synthesized through a direct polymerization method using 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetra carboxylic dianhydride (NDTA), and sulfonated diamine 4,4′-diamino diphenyl-2,2′-disulfonic acid (BDSA). Sulfonated copolyimide is re-dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide for the fabrication of thin films. The nanocomposites iO2 of both 1.0 and 2.0% of the functionalized T iO2-reinforced (SPI/TiO2) are fabricated by blending and casting method. T nanoparticles are surface-functionalized using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared FTIR), and Brunauer-EmmittTeller (BET) techniques are used to reveal the distinctive characteristics of the newly synthesized SPI/TiO2 nanocomposite membranes. The as-synthesized SPI/TiO2 membranes are used to investigate their physicochemical and electrochemical parameters, including water uptake, ion exchange capacity (IEC), swelling property, oxidation stability, and dimensional change stability. The SPI and SPI/TiO2 composite membranes exhibit an ion-exchange value of 1.412 to 1.286 mmol/g. The SPI/TiO2 composite membranes show excellent H2O stability at room temperature. Overall, the results indicate that the SPI/ TiO2 membranes exhibit the potential as PEM for direct methanol fuel cell applications. These nanocomposite membranes are also applicable in clean energy production from environment-friendly sources. Keywords Sulfonated copolyimide · Nanocomposite · Thin films · Membranes · Oxidative stability · Ion exchange capacity
1 Introduction
* Nisar Ali [email protected] * Muhammad Bilal [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, KPK, Pakistan
4
School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an 223003, China
Nowadays, organic–inorganic nanocomposite membranes have received considerable attention in fuel cells [1], biomaterials [2], the wave-guide non-linear optical substrate [3], and as electrolytes in the secondary battery [4], because of their exceptional physicochemical, structural and electrochemical properties. The nanostructured composite comprises high process-abilities and good mechanical pro
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