Development and validation of a novel analytical method to quantify aflatoxins in baby food samples by employing dispers
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Development and validation of a novel analytical method to quantify aflatoxins in baby food samples by employing dispersive solid phase extraction with multi-walled carbon nanotubes Lucas Pinto da Silva 1 & Eugenia Azevedo Vargas 2 & Fernando Diniz Madureira 2 & Adriana Ferreira Faria 1 & Rodinei Augusti 1 Received: 27 December 2019 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A new method for the quantification of four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) in baby food samples is described herein. In this method, the extraction/cleanup step was performed by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a sorbent material in a dispersive solid phase procedure. In sequence, these mycotoxins were quantified via liquid chromatographic coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The method was fully validated according to the EC/657/2002 and SANCO/12571/2013 directives. Adequate values were obtained for all figures of merit, mainly veracity (recoveries: 75.8 to 120.6%) and quantification limits (LOQs: 60.0 to 560.0 ng kg-1), with no noticeable matrix effects. The method was tested in real samples (n = 4) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected in just one of them. Finally, this analytical procedure has an evident potential to be applied to analyze aflatoxins (and other mycotoxins) in distinct types of complex samples. Keywords Aflatoxins . Mycotoxin . Multi-walled carbon nanotube . Dispersive solid phase extraction . Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography . Mass spectrometry
Introduction Due to their low body weight, very high metabolic rates, and an organism still in development, children are quite vulnerable to exposure to food contaminants, mainly mycotoxins (Juan et al. 2014; Oueslati et al. 2018) (Raiola et al. 2015). Among mycotoxins, aflatoxins are the most toxic species and integrate the group 1A of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) list (Bennett and Klich 2003). Aflatoxins show a recognized immunosuppressive activity, being also associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma as well as gastrointestinal and hepatic neoplasia. Currently, aflatoxins are the natural substances with the highest carcinogenic potential (Bennett and Klich 2003). The European
* Rodinei Augusti [email protected] 1
Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
2
Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar (LACQSA), Avenida Raja Gabaglia, 245, Setor H, Bairro Cidade Jardim, Belo Horizonte, MG 30380-103, Brazil
Community sets maximum permitted limits for aflatoxins in different matrices, being equal to 0.1 μg kg-1 of aflatoxin B1 in baby foods. However, the achievement of such low level represents a challenge for analytical methods. Several publications have described diverse procedures that have been tested in order to reach such rigid requirements, such as the following: solid liquid extraction
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