Development of Glass-Based Solid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
The development of glass-based solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries is reviewed. Strategies for preparing glass electrolytes with high Li+ ion conductivity are as follows: increase in Li+ ion concentration, change from oxide matrix to a sulfide on
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Development of Glass-Based Solid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Masahiro Tatsumisago and Akitoshi Hayashi
7.1
Introduction
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as a power source with a high energy density and high power density [1]. To reduce the emission of CO2, large-scale lithium-ion batteries have been developed for application in automotive propulsion and stationary load leveling for intermittent power generation from solar or wind energy. The safety of lithium-ion batteries has become more serious with increases in their size. All-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries have attracted much attention because the replacement of an organic liquid electrolyte with a safer and more reliable inorganic solid electrolyte simplifies battery design and improves the safety and durability of the battery [2, 3]. A key material in developing solid-state batteries is a solid electrolyte with high Li+ ion conductivity at room temperature. Inorganic solid electrolytes have been widely studied, and several solid electrolytes with high Li+ ion conductivity have been reported so far [4–6]. Figure 7.1 shows the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of typical inorganic solid electrolytes. In general, sulfide electrolytes have higher conductivity than oxide materials, although limited oxide crystalline electrolytes exhibit high conductivity. Sulfide crystals, glasses, and glass ceramics (crystallized glasses) with high Li+ ion concentration basically show a high Li+ ion conductivity of over 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature. In particular, glass-ceramic electrolytes in a Li2S-P2S5 system have a maximum conductivity of 5.4 × 10−3 S cm−1. Moreover, inorganic solid electrolytes have an advantage in the lithium transport number of unity: only target ions (Li+ ion) are mobile in solid electrolytes. A conventional organic liquid electrolyte, such as 1 M LiPF6 in carbonate solvents, has a conductivity of 10−2 S cm−1, as shown in Fig. 7.1.
M. Tatsumisago (*) • A. Hayashi Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan e-mail: [email protected] T. Osaka and Z. Ogumi (eds.), Nanoscale Technology for Advanced Lithium Batteries, Nanostructure Science and Technology 182, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8675-6_7, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
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Fig. 7.1 Temperature dependence of conductivity for typical inorganic solid electrolytes
However, liquid electrolytes are a dual ion conductor, and their lithium transference numbers are thus below 0.5. On the basis of the lithium transference number, Li2S-P2S5 glass-ceramic electrolytes are revealed to have almost the same Li+ ion conductivity as organic liquid electrolytes. Sulfide electrolytes also have a wide electrochemical window of over 5 V. In this chapter, the development of inorganic solid electrolytes is reviewed. Their advantages as a solid electrolyte and preparation techniques of glass-based solid electrolytes are described. The recent d
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