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Vol. 54, No. 4, November, 2020

POWER SYSTEMS AND ELECTRIC NETWORKS DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN PRIMARY FREQUENCY CONTROL AND FREQUENCY CONTROL MARKET N. V. Zorchenko,1 A. G. Chaplin,2 O. V. Rad’kova,2 and T. G. Tyupina2 Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 5, May 2020, pp. 31 – 34.

The article reflects development trends in primary frequency control and frequency control market in Russia and foreign countries. These trends are related to the expansion of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems, in particular. Keywords: primary frequency control; frequency control market; renewable energy source; energy storage system.

correct forecasts of operating modes, emergencies, etc. In this regard, it is necessary to have a certain power reserve. Requirements for its volume and temporal (dynamic) characteristics may differ for power systems of different countries. In Russia, primary control, carried out by dedicated generating equipment within the specified reserves in accordance with the required characteristics (parameters), is called rated primary frequency control [2, 3] and is carried out within the framework of the market for services to ensure system reliability (system services) of the UES of Russia. A natural development trend of this market in terms of RPFC in Russia is an increase in the number of CCPP participating in the RPFC, and a decrease in the number of steampower units (Fig. 1). Taking into account that the volume of TPP capacities meeting the requirements of RPFC increases, the market price on these services decreases. A decrease in prices in the market for primary power control due to the occurrence of additional competition is also observed in Europe. For example, in Germany, payment to generating companies for participation in primary control in 2015 decreased by 33%, and in 2020 a decrease to 50% relative to 2014 is expected [4]. At the same time, as noted in [4], a decrease in revenues in the market for primary power control is not only economically unfavorable for generating companies and owners of traditional steam-power and combined cycle power plants, but also leads to a reduction in the development and implementation of new technologies, the purpose of which is to bring generating equipment to operation on the primary con-

In January 2011, 36 condensing steam-power oil-gas TPP power-generating units began to operate with rated primary frequency control (RPFC) within the framework of the market for services to ensure system reliability (system services) of the Unified Energy System (UES) of Russia. In 2014, 62 TPP power-generating units were already involved in the provision of RPFC services, in 2020 — 81 units of TPP generating equipment (80 power-generating units and one TPP, turbines of which operate from a common live steam header). Not only the number of participants has increased, but also the composition of equipment for thermal generating facilities has expanded. In 2012, cogeneration units with T-180/210-130 turbines were added to the condensing steam-power units, in 20