Developmental Trajectories of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Aerobic Fitness in Youth: Implications for Physi
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Developmental Trajectories of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Aerobic Fitness in Youth: Implications for Physical Activity Guideline Recommendations (CHAMPS Study‑DK) Jeffrey J. Hébert1,2 · Martin Sénéchal1,3 · Timothy Fairchild2 · Niels Christian Møller4 · Heidi Klakk4,5 · Niels Wedderkopp4,6,7
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Objectives Describe the trajectories of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and aerobic fitness in children and identify different outcomes of guideline-recommended physical activity (PA) in a subset of active children. Methods We recruited students from 10 public primary schools and obtained repeated measures of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness over 30 months. Aerobic fitness was measured with the Andersen test. We objectively measured physical activity behaviour with accelerometers and classified children as ‘physically active’ when they achieved ≥ 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day (guideline concordance). Univariate trajectories of BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness were calculated for all children, and we constructed a multi-trajectory model comprising all outcomes in the subgroup of physically active children. The construct validity of all models was investigated by examining for between-group differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors obtained from fasting blood samples. Results Data from 1208 children (53% female) with a mean (SD) age of 8.4 (1.4) years were included. The univariate trajectory models identified three distinct trajectories for BMI, waist circumference, and aerobic fitness. The multi-trajectory model classified 9.1% of physically active children as following an ‘overweight/obese/low fitness’ trajectory. There were moderate-to-large differences in cardiovascular risk factors between all trajectory groups (p 0.90, and odds of correct classification were > 9 (Table 2).
Table 1 Descriptive baseline statistics for the entire sample and physically active children Variables
Age (years) Female sex (n, %) Body mass index (kg/m2) Overweight or obese (n, %) Waist circumferences (cm) Systolic BP (mmHg) Andersen test (m) Glucose (mmol/L) Insulin (μU/mL) HOMA-IR Triglycerides (mg/dL) Total:HDL-C (mg/dL) Clustered CV risk score
Entire sample
Physically active children
N
Value
N
Value
1207 1207 1133 1133
8.4 (1.4) 641, 53.1 16.4 (2.0) 134, 11.8
407 407 382 382
8.1 (1.4) 150, 36.9 16.0 (1.6) 30, 7.9
1133 58.4 (6.6)
382 57.1 (5.5)
1101 1086 963 963 963 963 963 934
376 370 326 326 326 326 326 319
101.1 (7.8) 893.1 (106.7) 4.6 (0.6) 3.7 (2.5) 0.8 (0.6) 56.8 (23.4) 2.8 (0.7) 7.6 (2.6)
100.5 (7.8) 910.5 (112.1) 4.7 (0.9) 3.4 (2.3) 0.7 (0.7) 52.5 (20.4) 2.6 (0.6) 7.0 (2.4)
Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Sample size differences due to missing data and some children did not consent to venipuncture BP blood pressure, CV cardiovascular, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis assessment model-estimated insulin resistance
Physica
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