Developmental Trajectories of Postpartum Weight 3 Years After Birth: Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
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Developmental Trajectories of Postpartum Weight 3 Years After Birth: Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study Dawit S. Abebe • Tilmann Von Soest • Ann Von Holle • Stephanie C. Zerwas • Leila Torgersen • Cynthia M. Bulik
Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract This study explored the developmental trajectories of postpartum weight from 0.5 to 3 years after childbirth, and aimed to determine the associations between postpartum weight trajectories and prepregnancy body mass index and adequacy of gestational weight gain (GWG). Data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study were used, following 49,528 mothers 0.5, 1.5, and 3 years after childbirth. Analyses were performed using latent growth mixture modeling. Three groups of developmental trajectories of postpartum weight were found, with most women (85.9 %) having a low level of weight retention initially and slight gain over 3 years, whereas 5.6 % of women started at a high postpartum weight retention (on average 7.56 kg) at 0.5 years but followed by a marked weight loss over time (2.63 kg per D. S. Abebe (&) T. Von Soest Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), P.O. Box 3223, Elisenberg, 0208 Oslo, Norway e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] D. S. Abebe A. Von Holle S. C. Zerwas C. M. Bulik Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA T. Von Soest L. Torgersen Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway T. Von Soest Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway C. M. Bulik Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA C. M. Bulik Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
year on average), and the third trajectory represented women (8.5 %) who had high weight retention high initially (on average 4.67 kg at 0.5 years) and increasing weight over time (1.43 kg per year on average). Prepregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive GWG significantly predicted a high postpartum weight trend. Women had substantial variability in postpartum weight development—both initially after birth and in their weight trajectories over time. Early preventive interventions may be designed to assist women with prepregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive GWG, which helps to reduce the increasing trend for postpartum weight. Keywords Postpartum weight MoBa Developmental trajectory Prepregnancy BMI Gestational weight gain
Introduction Obesity among women is increasing globally [1], and excessive postpartum weight retention (PPWR) has been regarded as one of the most important risk factors for this concerning trend [1–4]. Although studies have commonly reported a relatively small average of PPWR, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 kg during 6–18 months postpartum, substantial variability in weight retention has been documented, ranging from a gain of 26.5 kg to a loss of 12.3 kg 1 year after pregnancy [5, 6]. In general, studies have reported that 13–20 % of mot
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