Diagnosis
The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus is based on clinical and laboratory criteria.
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Advanced Handbook of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Laurent Arnaud · Ronald van Vollenhoven
Advanced Handbook of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Laurent Arnaud · Ronald van Vollenhoven
Advanced Handbook of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Laurent Arnaud, MD, PhD Department of Rheumatology Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg French National Reference Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Strasbourg, France
Ronald van Vollenhoven, MD, PhD Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center ARC Academic Medical Center Dept of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology; Department of Rheumatology VU Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ISBN 978-3-319-43034-8 ISBN 978-3-319-43035-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43035-5 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Adis imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Project editor: Laura Hajba
Contents Author biographies
ix
Abbreviationsxiii
1 Introduction1 1.1 Disease overview
1
1.2 Epidemiology
4
1.3 Etiology and pathogenesis
6
1.4 Genetic susceptibility
8
1.5 Environmental factors
13
1.6 Hormonal factors
16
1.7 Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus
17
References20
2 Disease classification
27
2.1 Historical development
27
2.2 Classification criteria
28
2.3 The American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus
28
2.4 Limitations of the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus
32
2.5 The Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus 2.6 Sub-classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
33
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