Diagnosis of arboviruses using indirect sandwich IgG ELISA in horses from the Brazilian Amazon
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Diagnosis of arboviruses using indirect sandwich IgG ELISA in horses from the Brazilian Amazon Alexandre do Rosário Casseb1*, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes2, Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues2, Elizabeth Salbé Travassos da Rosa2, Livia Medeiros Neves Casseb2, Samir Manssor Moraes Casseb2, Sandro Patroca da Silva3, Érika Dayane Leal Rodrigues1 and Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos2,4
Abstract Background: The Amazon as a whole is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide, while the Brazilian Amazon hosts the largest variety of arboviruses isolated to date. In this study, the results of an indirect sandwich IgG ELISA, standardized for 19 arbovirustypes circulating among horses in Brazilian Amazon, were compared to results of the hemagglutination inhibition test. A screening test assessed the conditional probability distribution and a Pearson linear correlation test determined the correlation strength among the absorbance values recorded for viruses from the same family. Findings: Sensitivity varied between 40.85 and 100%; the specificity was low and ranged from 39.71 to 67.0%; and the accuracy varied between 41 and 65.2%. The test developed in this study yielded a large number of serological cross-reactions. Conclusions: The test can be employed to detect IgG antibodies within one arbovirus family; however, the hemagglutination test or other more specific techniques, such as the serum neutralization test in mice or the plaque-reduction neutralization test, are essential complementary methods for positive cases. Keywords: Horses, Arboviruses, ELISA
Findings The expression ‘arthropod-borne virus’ was introduced in 1942 to describe a group of viruses that were propagated by arthropods and biologically transmitted to vertebrate hosts. Two decades later, the International Committee on the Nomenclature of Viruses officially recommended the term ‘arbovirus’ to denominate the viruses maintained through cycles involving hematophagous arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts [1]. Considered as a whole, the Amazon region is the largest reservoir of arboviruses worldwide. To date, 196 out of at least 200 arbovirus types found throughout Brazil were identified in the Brazilian Amazon, where the largest variety have been isolated, while many of the viral strains have not been found in any other location [2-4].
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Institute of Health and Livestock Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Belém, Pará State 66077-901, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
For more than two decades, the serological study of arboviruses has been restricted to such classical techniques as hemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement fixation (CF) and serum neutralization in mice (SN). Among these, the HI test in microplates is recommended as a routine serological test [2]. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method is widely used for the serological diagnosis of arboviruses because i
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