Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19
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Review Article Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 Humzah Jamshaid,1 Fatima Zahid,1 Intisar ud Din,2 Alam Zeb,3 Han Gon Choi,4,5 Gul Majid Khan,1,5 and Fakhar ud Din1,5
Received 3 May 2020; accepted 13 July 2020 Abstract. The world is facing lockdown for the first time in decades due to the novel coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This has led to massive global economic disruption, placed additional strain on local and global public health resources and, above all, threatened human health. We conducted a review of peer-reviewed and unpublished data, written in English, reporting on the current COVID-19 pandemic. This data includes previously used strategies against infectious disease, recent clinical trials and FDA-approved diagnostic and treatment strategies. The literature was obtained through a systematic search using PubMed, Web of Sciences, and FDA, NIH and WHO websites. Of the 98 references included in the review, the majority focused on pathogen and host targeting, symptomatic treatment and convalescent plasma utilization. Other sources investigated vaccinations in the pipeline for the possible prevention of COVID-19 infection. The results demonstrate various conventional as well as potentially advanced in vitro diagnostic approaches (IVD) for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Mixed results have been observed so far when utilising these approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Some treatments have been found highly effective in specific regions of the world while others have not altered the disease process. The responsiveness of currently available options is not conclusive. The novelty of this disease, the rapidity of its global outbreak and the unavailability of vaccines have contributed to the global public’s fear. It is concluded that the exploration of a range of diagnostic and treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 is the need of the hour. KEY WORDS: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; diagnosis; treatment strategies; pandemic; public health.
INTRODUCTION SARS-CoV2, a deadly virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae, primarily targets the pulmonary system and manifests with symptoms of moderate to high fever, dry cough and difficulty breathing, pneumonia, and respiratory distress. The emergence and outbreak of microbial infections depends upon several factors including the mutability of microbes, the distraction of human and microbial environments, and human experiments on new microbes. The epicentre of COVID-19 infection was in Wuhan, in the city 1
Department of Pharmacy, Nanomedicine Research Group, Quaid-iAzam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan. 2 College of Resources and Environment, Huanzhong Agricultural University (Hazu), Wuhan, Hubei, China. 3 Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Sector G-7/4, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan. 4 College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnokgu, Ansan, 15588, South Korea. 5 To whom correspondence should be addressed. (e–ma
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