Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID-19
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urnal of Translational Medicine Open Access
REVIEW
Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID‑19 Manoj Kumar and Souhaila Al Khodor*
Abstract The outbreak of Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious health threat. The increasing number of COVID-19 cases around the world is overwhelming hospitals and pushing the global death toll to over 746,000, which has pushed the sprint to find new treatment options. In this article, we reviewed the SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, transmission, and potential treatment strategies. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Pandemic, 2019 novel coronavirus, Viral inhibitor, ACE-2 receptor, Receptor binding protein COVID19 pandemic background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by an infection with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused one of the largest global outbreaks in recent years, and posed a serious threat to the global public health [1, 2]. Considering the rapidly increasing cases of COVID-19 and disease severity, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency on January 30, 2020 [3]. Despite implementing worldwide combined efforts to prevent SARS-CoV-2 further transmission by quarantining the infected persons and their family members, social distancing, and schools closure, the spreading of infection could not be contained; therefore, on March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic [3]. As of now, around 213 countries and territories outside of the Mainland China have reported SARS-CoV-2 infections [1, 4]. The massive impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been seen in the United States of America, Europe, and Asia. As of Aug 12th, 2020, the time of writing this review, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 20.54 million people worldwide and resulted in 746,151 deaths (Additional file 1: Figure S1A). *Correspondence: [email protected] Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
The worldwide date indicates an exponential infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 cases after the first week of March2020 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B). The mean primary reproduction number (R0) was estimated to range from 2.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96–2.55] to 3.58 (95% CI 2.89–4.39), and associated with two- to eightfold increase in the reporting rate as compared to other viral infections (Additional file 1: Figure S1C) [5, 6]. The current statistics are showing that the epidemic doubling time is as low as 6.4 days [5], including potential asymptomatic transmissions. Although the situation is evolving and updated on daily basis, more data is required to confirm these estimations. This data indicates a high potential for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and warrants immediate therapeutic interventions. Outbreaks of coronavirus
Seven Coronaviruses (CoV) of zoonotic origins have crossed the species barrier so far, to cause infections in humans, and three of them have caused a deadly infection in last two decades, including the Middle East Respirat
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