Diazonium Modification of Inorganic and Organic Fillers for the Design of Robust Composites: A Review
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TOPICAL REVIEWS
Diazonium Modification of Inorganic and Organic Fillers for the Design of Robust Composites: A Review M. Sandomierski1 · A. Voelkel1 Received: 11 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This review focuses on fillers modified with diazonium salts and their use in composites. We reviewed scientific publications and presented information about such diazonium-modified fillers as boron nitride, carbon fillers, cellulose, clay, silica, titanium dioxide, and zeolite. The fillers were divided into two groups. The first group includes those that form covalent bonds with the polymer, while the second includes those that do not form them. This review indicates a tremendous impact of filler modification using diazonium salts on the properties of composites. The review presents examples of the impact of filler on such properties as thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties (e.g., interfacial shear strength, compressive strength, flexural strength). The presented review indicates the enormous potential of composites with diazonium-modified fillers in control drug release, antistatic coatings, electrode materials, photocatalysts, bone tissue engineering scaffolds, fuel cell applications, abrasive tools, and electromechanical strain sensor. We hope that this review will help both research groups and industry in choosing fillers for given types of polymers and obtaining composites with even better properties. Keywords Composites · Diazonium salt · Modification · Fillers
1 Introduction The functionalization of various surfaces has attracted considerable attention from scientists for decades in many areas of application [1]. Particularly noteworthy is the surface modification of fillers used in many types of composites. The modification can be carried out using coupling agents. A coupling agent is a compound that functions at the interface to create a chemical bridge between filler and matrix [2]. Popular coupling agents that have been used so far are silanes, diazonium salts, titanates, and organophosphorus [3–7]. The selection of the appropriate modification allows for better distribution of the filler in the polymer matrix [8]. Besides, the modified filler can have strong interactions and even form covalent bonds with the polymer matrix. In this regard, many research teams are working on different types of modifications to obtain on the filler surface thin layers * M. Sandomierski [email protected] 1
Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60‑965 Poznań, Poland
with better adhesion to the polymer, which will allow creating composites with better mechanical, thermal, and conductive properties [9, 10]. A useful type of modification that has been widely used for many years is a modification using diazonium salts (Fig. 1). Diazonium salts are among the most versatile compounds in organic chemistry and are widely used in many reactions (e.g., Sandmeyer and Schiemann) [11]. The use
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