Diet, Microbioma, and Diabetes in Aging
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NUTRITION, OBESITY, AND DIABETES (SML RIBEIRO, SECTION EDITOR)
Diet, Microbioma, and Diabetes in Aging Shirley Steffany Muñoz Fernandez 1 & Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro 1,2 Accepted: 26 October 2020 / Published online: 16 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review To describe the relationships between gut microbiota (GM), metabolism, immune system, and the association with the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); to gather up to date researches investigating the role of diet in the prevention and management of T2DM, in particular in older ages. Recent Findings An overwhelming number of microbes colonize the human body, and most of them reside in the gut. The appropriate integration between the gut environment components, the host metabolism, and the host immune system is considered a key marker of health. Changes in the balance between these components, basically defined as dysbiosis, can trigger, therefore, metabolic and immune responses, leading to systemic inflammation. These changes are associated with insulin resistance in different body tissues, playing critical roles in the induction and progression of T2DM. Different nutritional interventions have shown promising modulation in gut microbiota, for instance, pre-, pro-, and synbiotics, as well as highfiber foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Dietary patterns considered to be anti-inflammatory, such as the Mediterranean, have shown critical modulatory effects. Summary Despite the fascinating findings regarding the role of GM in the host’s metabolism and immunity, there are still lacks in the knowledge about the best strategies to modulate the GM and improvement of health. Keywords Gut microbiota . Gut microbiome . T2DM . Diet . Dietary supplements
Introduction An overwhelming number of microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, colonize the human body. Most of these microorganisms reside in the gut, which is named gut microbiota or gut microbiome (GM). Since the first publication about the main features of the human microbiome, in 2012 [1], countless publications have explored the role of GM in the human physiology. Despite several gaps that still have to be filled, it is currently known the critical role of GM in human metabolism and the immune system, both by direct and indirect action of the microorganisms. There is an essential network between diet, This article is part of the Topical Collection on Nutrition, Obesity, and Diabetes * Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro [email protected] 1
Public Health School, Department of Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
2
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
immune responses, and metabolic functions. The imbalance in GM, known as dysbiosis, ultimately is responsible for systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased risk of auto-immune, inflammatory, and chronic diseases. In this review, we inte
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