Different effects of feedback-induced emotion and material-induced emotion on memory
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Different effects of feedback‑induced emotion and material‑induced emotion on memory Wuji Lin1,2,3,4 · Jingyuan Lin5 · Zhuoyu Li1,2,3,4 · Rendan Wei1,2,3,4 · Xiaoqing Cai1,2,3,4 · Lei Mo1,2,3,4 Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The function of emotion in enhancing memory has been proven by a large number of studies. However, previous studies mainly used emotional materials to induce emotions, and far fewer studies have examined how neutral stimuli and emotional event connections affect memory. In Experiment 1, the feedback from the results was used as an emotional event to explore the impact of connected emotions on memory. In Experiment 2, emotional materials were used to induce emotions, and the effects on memory in the two studies were compared. The emotions induced by the feedback resulted in positive emotions having the strongest effects on memory, while negative emotions had the weakest memory effect. However, when the emotional materials were used, there were different outcomes: negative emotional memories were the best, and neutral memories were the worst. Based on these results, we may conclude that different emotion-inducing methods have different effects on memory and that emotionally enhanced memory is not applicable to all emotion-inducing modes.
Introduction Emotion has a great influence on cognitive processes, and the effects of emotion on memory have been of interest to many researchers (Bell, Mieth, & Buchner, 2015; Flores & Berenbaum, 2017). Emotional information is more likely to be remembered than neutral information, and this is called emotionally enhanced memory (EEM). Numerous studies have suggested that emotional information enhances memory at all stages of memory (Talmi Wuji Lin and Jingyuan Lin contributed equally to the current work. * Lei Mo [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
2
School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
3
School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, China
4
School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, China
5
School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
& Moscovitch, 2004; Chapman et al., 2012; de Voogd, Fernández, & Hermans, 2016). In general, when emotional information is encoded, it undergoes more consolidation and fine processing than neutral information (Sharot & Phelps, 2004; Palomba, Angrilli, & Mini, 1997). Thus, it can be more accurately retrieved and extracted (Buchanan, 2007). For example, in the study by Kensinger and Schacter (2008), positive, negative, and neutral images were used as experimental materials to explore the effects of emotional valence on memory. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology was used to analyze neural mechanisms. The results showed that both po
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