Different methods of assessing udder temperature through thermography and their relation with rectal temperature
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Different methods of assessing udder temperature through thermography and their relation with rectal temperature Marcelo T. Stumpf 1,2 & C. M. McManus 3 & D. S. Daltro 2 & E. P. M. Alfonzo 2 & V. Dalcin 2 & G. J. Kolling 2 & R. A. Vieira 3 & H. Louvandini 4 & V. Fischer 2 & M. V. G. B. da Silva 5 Received: 14 May 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Infrared thermography of the lateral side portion of the udder was taken from 38 lactating cows in a 6-day experiment. Thermograms were analyzed using specific software with the use of eight different methods. The experiment was aimed at correlating the different methods with each other and with rectal temperature (RT), in order to suggest a method to assess udder side temperature, and also at creating regression equations to enable RT calculation through the use of thermographic data. All methods of analyzing thermograms were highly correlated; correlations between thermograms and RT were significant (P < 0.01) and above 0.840. The highest correlation was between RT and the maximum temperature obtained using a horizontal rectangle placed within the lateral (side) portion of the udder (maximum temperature in a horizontal rectangle (MHR), 0.897). With the exception of the average temperature of a horizontal rectangle, linear regression coefficients were significant (P < 0.05) and coefficients of determination were higher than 75.51%. We suggest the use of MHR to evaluate udder side temperature. The ease of accessing the side of the udder, the welfare advantages of non-invasive observations, and the high correlation with RT suggest the use of thermograms in the lateral portion of the udder to assess animals’ temperature. Keywords Infrared thermography . Correlation analysis . Rectal temperature . Regression equations . Udder side
Implications Analysis of body temperature may involve the restraint of animals and/or invasive methods, reducing welfare. The use of infrared thermography is an interesting alternative, since it allows the investigation of tissue temperature in a non-
invasive and easy way, without prejudices to welfare. This technology has been used in several experiments involving dairy cattle; thus, the definition of a specific anatomical site on a cows’ body that presents a high correlation with rectal temperature, together with a proper method of evaluating thermograms, would help to standardize experimental procedures.
* Marcelo T. Stumpf [email protected]
Introduction
1
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Marechal Floriano, 2236, São Lourenço do Sul 96170-000, Brazil
2
Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
3
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
4
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303-São Dimas, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13400-970, Brazil
5
Embrapa Ga
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