Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites Rashad F. KAHWAGI, Sean T. THORNTON, Ben SMITH, Ghada I. KOLEILAT (✉) Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 1Z1, Canada
© Higher Education Press 2020
Abstract Metal halide perovskites are a class of materials that are ideal for photodetectors and solar cells due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Their lowcost and low temperature synthesis have made them attractive for extensive research aimed at revolutionizing the semiconductor industry. The rich chemistry of metal halide perovskites allows compositional engineering resulting in facile tuning of the desired optoelectronic properties. Moreover, using different experimental synthesis and deposition techniques such as solution processing, chemical vapor deposition and hot-injection methods, the dimensionality of the perovskites can be altered from 3D to 0D, each structure opening a new realm of applications due to their unique properties. Dimensionality engineering includes both morphological engineering–reducing the thickness of 3D perovskite into atomically thin films–and molecular engineering–incorporating long-chain organic cations into the perovskite mixture and changing the composition at the molecular level. The optoelectronic properties of the perovskite structure including its band gap, binding energy and carrier mobility depend on both its composition and dimensionality. The plethora of different photodetectors and solar cells that have been made with different compositions and dimensions of perovskite will be reviewed here. We will conclude our review by discussing the kinetics and dynamics of different dimensionalities, their inherent stability and toxicity issues, and how reaching similar performance to 3D in lower dimensionalities and their large-scale deployment can be achieved. Keywords optoelectronics, solar cells, perovskite, photodetectors, metal halides, dimensionality
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Introduction
Perovskites–named after Russian mineralogist L.A. Received April 14, 2020; accepted June 22, 2020 E-mail: [email protected]
Perovski–originate from the discovery of calcium titanate (CaTiO3) in the 1830s by Gustav Rose [1,2]. The definition of perovskites has since been extended to include all compounds with a similar crystal structure to CaTiO3 [2,3]. Recently, metal halide perovskites have emerged as a promising class of materials for many applications such as solar cells, photodetectors, and LEDs due to their low-cost, low temperature synthesis and solution processability [2,4]. Metal halide perovskites exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties including small exciton binding energy, bandgap tunability, high charge carrier mobility [5], long charge carrier diffusion length [6], high absorption coefficients and broad spectral absorption [7]. Ever since Miyasaka et al. first made sensitized photovoltaic cells (PVs) in 2009 from metal halide perovskites, progress in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite-based PVs has jump
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