Diversity of estuarine and marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from subtropical ecosystems of Brazil
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Diversity of estuarine and marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from subtropical ecosystems of Brazil Larissa Ajala-Batista 1
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Daniel de Miranda Lins 1
&
Maria Angélica Haddad 1
Received: 9 August 2020 / Revised: 20 October 2020 / Accepted: 21 October 2020 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2020
Abstract The subtropical coastal waters of Brazil have been surveyed regarding their hydroid fauna since 1941. However, a comprehensive compilation of all hydroid records with detailed information has not yet been published for these waters. Besides filling this knowledge gap, we provide an updated species list, along with the biogeographic status (native, introduced, or cryptogenic) of each hydroid species for the area between Ilha Comprida municipality and the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We also present the distribution patterns of hydroid morphotypes, a sampling sufficiency analysis, and spatial-temporal progress of their research. The dataset was compiled by conducting a thorough bibliographical survey, accessing data of zoological collections, and performing field surveys with experimental settlement panels. This work provides an update for new hydroid records for a large number of localities within the study area. We listed 27 families, 59 genera, 129 morphotypes, and 95 unique species. Regarding the unique species, ~ 3% were classified as introduced, ~ 2% as native, and ~ 95% as cryptogenic. The 3% of introduced species include the first record of the non-indigenous Podocoryna loyola on natural substrata and new records of this species for São Paulo. The 95 unique species also represent ~ 19% and ~ 52% of the hydroid fauna recorded in South America and Brazil, respectively. Sampling effort is still not sufficient and therefore continuing research on the hydroid fauna is required, especially for the detection of new introduced species. Keywords Anthoathecata . Benthos . Database . Leptothecata . Species list . Sampling sufficiency
Introduction The term hydroid refers to the polypoid life history stage of Leptothecata and Anthoathecata hydrozoans (Oliveira et al. 2006). The presence or absence of a chitinous exoskeleton or theca, which surrounds and protects the polyp body (or hydranth), constitutes the main difference between these two orders (Leclère et al. 2009). Leptothecata’s polyps are commonly known as “thecate hydroids” due to the presence of the
Communicated by B. W. Hoeksema Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-02001133-0. * Larissa Ajala-Batista [email protected] 1
Zoology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico Campus, Biological Science Sector, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
theca, whereas Anthoathecata’s as “athecate” because of the lack of this feature (Oliveira et al. 2006). Hydroids display a great phenotypic diversity and a wide distribution (Gili and Hughes 1995). A considerable challenge for accurate and consistent hydroid species identification has been posed
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