Diversity of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Diversity of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: studies on the phenotypic and DNA barcodes Sukirno Sukirno 1,2 & Muhammad Tufail 1,3 Abdulrahman Saad Aldawood 1
&
Khawaja Ghulam Rasool 1 & Mureed Husain 1 &
Received: 1 November 2019 / Accepted: 14 April 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), is the most deleterious pests of palms worldwide, including date palms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). An understanding of RPW diversity is crucial for designing management strategies of this pest. In this study, collections of RPW from date palm plantations were made in six known RPW-infected regions of KSA. The main objectives of the study were to characterize the RPW diversity in KSA using pronotal markings and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The results showed that based on pronotal markings, 18 different color morphs of RPWs were found, while based on the COI gene, it could be separated into three main haplotypes. Pronotal marking and COI gene diversity revealed that the Riyadh and Eastern Regions were the major RPW diversity hotspots and the primary sources for subsequent RPW introductions into other regions of KSA. Keywords COI . DNA barcoding . Diversity hotspot . Rhynchophorus ferrugineus . Saudi Arabia
Introduction The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most damaging insect pest of many palm species worldwide. Since it first report from India (Ghosh 1912), this species is now known to attack 32 palm species and found in 54 countries (EstebanDuran et al. 1998; Murphy and Briscoe 1999; Malumphy and Moran 2007; EPPO 2008; Melifronidou-Pantelidou 2009; Soroker et al. 2005; Bozbuga and Hazir 2008; Pelikh 2009; Chebbi 2011; CABI 2020). The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) of KSA reported that RPW was first recorded in date
* Sukirno Sukirno [email protected] 1
Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
3
Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
palm farms in the Alqatif District of the Eastern Region of the kingdom in 1987. In 1989, it subsequently found in the Diriyah District of the Riyadh Region and the Albada District of the Tabuk Region. Now, it spread to the nine regions of KSA: Eastern, Riyadh, Madinah, Makkah, Albahah, Alha’il, Alqassim, Tabuk, and Najran (MOA 2014). Several markers have been used for the studies of RPW genetic diversity for example the COI gene. It has been used for the study of RPW invasions in Mediterranean Basin and Middle East (El-Mergawy et al. 2011a) and for the palm weevils identification (Rugman-Jones et al. 2013). Although, the genetic diversity of RPW in KSA has been invest
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