Biological traits and life history of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a weevil pest on camphor tre
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Biological traits and life history of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a weevil pest on camphor trees in China Cong Chen1,2 · Congcong Zhang1,2 · Shouyin Li1,2 · Han Zhu1,2 · Binqi Fan3 · Yan Wang3 · Peng Su3 · Yangyang Han3 · Dejun Hao1,2
Received: 25 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. (Laurales: Lauraceae) is widely cultivated as an important landscape tree species in many urban areas in South China, especially in Shanghai City. Pagiophloeus tsushimanus Morimoto has become a destructive insect pest of C. camphora plantations in Shanghai, but the biological and ecological traits of this pest remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the damage and life history and determined the larval instar of P. tsushimanus. The results indicated that P. tsushimanus is a monophagous weevil pest, and C. camphora is the unique host tree species. C. camphora plantations in all administrative districts of Shanghai have been seriously damaged by P. tsushimanus. Adults often aggregate Corresponding editor: Yu Lei The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com. Project funding: This study was financially supported by the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX19_1077), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (18,391,903,200), and the Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau (G161206). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01227-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Dejun Hao [email protected] 1
Co‑Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
3
Forest Station of Shanghai, Shanghai 200040, People’s Republic of China
for feeding on the tender bark of twigs and occasionally on newly emerged buds. After experiencing damage, the twigs shrink and crack and the buds will shrink. Adults tend to repeatedly mate and oviposit, and all females lay single eggs at a time. Eggs will be covered with a mixture of secretions and wood chips by female adults. Larvae (1st–2nd instar) feed on the phloem, while 3rd–5th instar can bore into the phloem and the cambium. Massive tunnels, including three shapes (inverted “L”, inverted “T”, and inverted “Z”), were observed in the trunk of each tree, and resulted in swelling of the outer bark. P. tsushimanus has one life cycle per year in Shanghai. Both adults and larvae (3rd–5th instar) overwinter from early November to early April. Adults overwinter in grooves on the underside of branches or at branch nodes, and larvae overwinter in tunnels. Five larval instars of P. tsushimanus were determined according to Dyar’s and Crosby’s rules. The biological traits and life history of P. tsushimanus have be
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