Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach Dervis Kirikkaleli 1
&
Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo 2
&
Zeeshan Khan 3 & Shahid Ali 4
Received: 29 September 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The main aim of this paper is to explore the role of globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey while controlling energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness. To achieve this objective, we employ dual adjustment approach. The main novelty of the dual adjustment approach is that the method offers another path to the cointegration analysis by relaxing the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. The findings clearly reveal that (i) in the long run, globalization impacts ecological footprint positively and (ii) trade openness reduces ecological footprint in the short run, while ecological footprint is negatively affected by GDP growth in both the short and the long run. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that in order to improve the environmental quality, Turkey should adopt such policies that encourage energy consumers to shift toward renewable energy. Moreover, the government should take necessary steps to diversify the overall energy mix toward renewable energy. Keywords Ecological footprint . Globalization . Economic growth . Energy consumption . Trade openness . Turkey
Introduction The most significant ecological issue humankind has encountered to date is global warming. This development would have catastrophic effects on the environment, economies, and human life in the absence of effective regulation. Anthropogenic behavior and activity are the effect of climate change, and global warming is primarily induced by CO2 emissions (Ahmed et al. 2019). Increased global understanding of environmental concerns has contributed to foreign initiatives including the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement being coordinated by the intergovernmental bodies. The principal priorities can be described as lowering global emissions levels
and providing economies with sustainable economic growth (Kirikkaleli 2020). In addition, environmental economic experts in advanced and emerging nations such as Adebayo (2020), Wang et al. (2019), Shahbaz et al. (2019), Awosusi et al. (2020), Saidi and Hammami (2015), Adebayo and Akinsola (2021), Alola and Kirikkaleli (2019), Adedoyin et al. (2020), Muhammad (2019), and Odugbesan and Adebayo (2020) have long been investigating economic factors that affect environmental pollution. In the literature, other factors influence environmental degradation such as trade openness, FDI inflows, energy usage, financial development, economic growth, and other factors including political and institutional variables. Over the years, several research have
Responsible editor: Nicholas Apergis * Dervis Kirikkaleli [email protected] Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo [email protected] Zeeshan Khan [email protected]
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