Does the prevailing Indian agricultural ecosystem cause carbon dioxide emission? A consent towards risk reduction
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Does the prevailing Indian agricultural ecosystem cause carbon dioxide emission? A consent towards risk reduction Basit Ali 1 & Arif Ullah 1,2 & Dilawar Khan 1 Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 13 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recently, due to the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, the global environment has changed dramatically. As a result, climate change, global warming, and environmental degradation–like issues have been raised. Presumably, human beings, as well as the agricultural ecosystem, become most vulnerable to these issues. In this context, the study focuses on the nexus between Indian’s agricultural ecosystem and carbon dioxide emission. For the purpose of this study, annual time series data over the time span from 1990 to 2014 was used. The modern techniques, for instance, Johansen, ARDL, and Granger causality, were employed. The Johansen test and ARDL model suggest that carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural ecosystems are co-integrated. In the short run, the ARDL model suggests that a 1% increase in biomass-burned crop residues, total pesticides, and stock of livestock would increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.26, 0.3, and 6.58% respectively. The residual diagnostics tests suggest that the ARDL model is stable, reliable, and credible in the present form. The results of the granger causality show that a unidirectional causality was found between carbon dioxide and total heads of livestock, all animal manure applied to the soil, agricultural technology, and total pesticide used in the agricultural sector. In contrast, bidirectional causality was found between the production of biomass-burned crop residues and carbon dioxide emission. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should take preemptive action to reduce the risk of environmental pollution and degradation through synchronized strategies particularly by reducing the amount of biomass-burned crop residues and usage of total pesticides in the country. Keywords Agricultural ecosystem . Environmental degradation . Risk reduction . Johansen test . ARDL model
Introduction In recent times, climate change, global warming, and environmental pollution have gained global interest. The short-term climate change is due to the variation in temperature, rainfall, wind flow, and drought, while atmospheric greenhouse gases cause long-term changes in climate (Abas et al. 2017). The human being’s footprints on the earth’s surface have changed the Responsible Editor: Eyup Dogan * Dilawar Khan [email protected] Arif Ullah [email protected] 1
Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan
2
Department of Economics, Preston University, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan
environment due to different activities and practices such as agricultural operations, transportation, globalization, and industrialization. As a result, the concentration level of atmospheric gree
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