Down-regulation and Clinical Implication of Galectin-9 Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Chronic Kidne
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Down-regulation and Clinical Implication of Galectin-9 Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease* Jian-hua XIE1†, Rui-rui ZHU1†, Li ZHAO2†, Yu-cheng ZHONG1#, Qiu-tang ZENG1# 1 Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan 430022, China Huazhong University of Science and Technology 2020
Summary: In various autoimmune diseases, Galecin-9 (Gal-9) has been shown to regulate the T-cell balance by decreasing Th1 and Th17, while increasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the role of Gal-9 in the patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. This study aims to measure the Gal-9 levels in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with ACS plus CKD and examine their clinical implication. The serum levels of Gal-9 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the expression levels of Gal-9, Tim-3, and Foxp3 mRNA in PBMCs were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the expression of Gal9 on the surface of PBMCs and in PBMCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the correlation of serum Gal-9 levels with anthropometric and biochemical variables in patients with ACS plus CKD was analyzed. The lowest levels of Gal-9 in serum and PBMCs were found in the only ACS group, followed by the ACS+CKD group, and the normal coronary artery (NCA) group, respectively. Serum Gal-9 levels were increased along with the progression of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) categories of G1 to G4. Additionally, serum Gal-9 levels were negatively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), estimated GFR (eGFR), and lipoprotein(a), but positively with creatinine, age, osmotic pressure, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Notably, serum Gal-9 was independently associated with hs-CRP, osmotic pressure, and lipoprotein(a). Furthermore, serum Gal-9 levels were elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in ACS group. It was suggested that the levels of Gal-9 in serum and PBMCs were decreased in patients with simple ACS and those with ACS plus CKD, and hsCRP, eGFR, osmotic pressure and T2DM may have an influence on serum Gal-9 levels. Key words: Galectin-9; inflammation; acute coronary syndrome; chronic kidney disease
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease associated with immunological imbalance, particularly T cells[1–3]. Th1/Th2 and Th17/regulatory T cells (Tregs) imbalances play a vital part in plaque rupture and the onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina (UA) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)[4 –7]. Galectins are characterized by conserved Jian-hua XIE, E-mail: [email protected]; Rui-rui ZHU, E-mail: [email protected]; Li ZHAO, E-mail: 972152611 @qq.com † These authors c
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