Drivers of molecular and morphometric variation in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Triatominae): the resolution of geo
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Parasites & Vectors Open Access
RESEARCH
Drivers of molecular and morphometric variation in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Triatominae): the resolution of geometric morphometrics for populational structuring on a microgeographical scale Edgard H. Kamimura1†, Maria Carolina Viana1†, Maurício Lilioso1, Fernanda H. M. Fontes1, Dayane Pires‑Silva1, Carolina Valença‑Barbosa1, Ana L. Carbajal‑de‑la‑Fuente2,3, Elaine Folly‑Ramos4, Vera N. Solferin1, Patricia J. Thyssen1, Jane Costa5† and Carlos E. Almeida1*†
Abstract Background: The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil in distinct ecotopes (sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic) where Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 is the most important Chagas disease vector. In this study, we analyzed microevolutionary and demographic aspects of T. brasiliensis populations at the ecotypic, micro and macro-geographic scales by combining morphometrics and molecular results. Additionally, we aimed to address the resolution of both markers for delimiting populations in distinct scales. Methods: We sampled populations of T. brasiliensis from distinct ecotypic and geographic sites in the states Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Paraíba (PB). The geometric morphometry was carried out with 13 landmarks on the right wings (n = 698) and the genetic structure was assessed by sequencing a region of cytochrome b mitochondrial gene (n = 221). Mahalanobis distance (MD) and coefficient of molecular differentiation (ΦST) were calculated among all pairs of popula‑ tions. The results of comparisons generated MD and ΦST dendrograms, and graphics of canonical variate analysis (CVA). Results: Little structure was observed for both markers for macro-geographic scales. Mantel tests comparing geo‑ graphic, morphometric and genetic matrices showed low correlation (all R2 < 0.35). The factorial graphics built with the CVA evidenced population delimitation for the morphometric data at micro-geographic scales. Conclusions: We believe that T. brasiliensis carries in its genotype a source of information to allow the phenotypical plasticity across its whole distribution for shaping populations, which may have caused a lack of population delimi‑ tation for CVAs in morphometric analysis for macro-geographic scale analysis. On the other hand, the pattern of morphometric results in micro-geographic scales showed well-defined groups, highlighting the potential of this tool to inferences on the source for infestation. Keywords: Triatomine ecology, Population structure, Phenotypic plasticity, Chagas disease, Vectors *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Edgard H. Kamimura, Maria Carolina Viana, Jane Costa and Carlos E. Almeida Joint first and senior authors 1 Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
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