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Durability and Sustainability of Concrete Case Studies for Concrete exposures

Durability and Sustainability of Concrete

Nausherwan Hasan

Durability and Sustainability of Concrete Case Studies for Concrete exposures

Nausherwan Hasan AECOM New York, NY, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-51572-0    ISBN 978-3-030-51573-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51573-7 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Conversion Factors

v

*SI is the symbol for the International System of Measurement.

SI* (modern metric) conversion factors Approximate conversions to SI units Symbol When you know Multiply by To find Length in Inches 25.4 Millimeters ft Feet 0.305 Meters yd Yards 0.914 Meters mi Miles 1.61 Kilometers Area in2 Square inches 645.2 Millimeters squared ft2 Square feet 0.093 Meters squared yd2 Square yards 0.836 Meters squared ac Acres 0.405 Hectares mi2 Square miles 2.59 Kilometers squared Volume fl oz Fluid ounces 29.57 Milliliters gal Gallons 3.785 Liters ft3 Cubic feet 0.028 Meters cubed yd3 Cubic yards 0.765 Meters cubed Note: Volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3. Mass oz Ounces 28.35 Grams lb Pounds 0.454 Kilograms T Short tons 0.907 Megagrams (2000 lb) Temperature (exact) °F Fahrenheit (F-32)/1.8 Celsius Temperature (exact) °C Celsius °C

Grams Kilograms Mega grams

Mass g kg Mg

1.8C + 32

0.035 2.205 1.102

Approximate conversions from SI units Symbol When you know Multiply by Length mm Millimeters 0.039 m Meters 3.28 m Meters 1.09 km Kilometers 0.621 Area mm2 Millimeters squared 0.0016 m2 Meters squared 10.764 m2 Meters squared 1.196 ha Hectares 2.47 km2 Kilometers squared 0.386 Volume ml Milliliters 0.034 L Liters 0.264 m3 Meter