Dynamic Deformation of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels at the Nanometric Length Scale
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INTRODUCTION
DURING the last decade, TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels have received special attention in the automotive industry due to their interesting features as manufacturability, crashworthiness, and feasibility for weight reduction.[1–3] In the particular case of metastable austenitic stainless steels, plastic deformation can induce phase transformation (from austenite into martensite, c fi a¢). Those steels have a high ductility and remarkable fatigue response, as reported in References 4 and 5. Some macroscopic experiments have been conducted to identify the influence of the different plastic deformation mechanisms, in particular the phase transformation, on the fatigue behavior of TRIP steels.[6–11] This mechanism is the main responsible to generate a hardening behavior on TRIP steels, which is in fair agreement with the data reported by Roa et al.[12] J.J. ROA, G. FARGAS, and A. MATEO are with the CIEFMADept. of Materials Science and Engineering, EEBE-Campus Diagonal Beso`s, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, 08019 Barcelona, Spain and also with the Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, EEBE-Campus Diagonal Beso`s, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, 08019 Barcelona, Spain. Contact e-mail: [email protected] I. SAPEZANSKAIA is with the CIEFMADept. of Materials Science and Engineering, EEBE-Campus Diagonal Beso`s, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, with the Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, EEBE-Campus Diagonal Beso`s, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, and also with the Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS, Universite´ de Lorraine, 54840 Nancy Cedex, France. R. KOUITAT and A. REDJAI¨MIA are with the Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, EEBE-Campus Diagonal Beso`s, Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya. Manuscript submitted January 4, 2018.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
Furthermore, cyclic indentation tests at the micro- and submicrometric length scale are widely implemented on shape-memory alloys in order to better understand the phase transformation in NiTi specimens as reported in References 13 through 18. Indeed, there is scarce information in the literature, at the micro- and nanometric length scale, the behavior of austenitic TRIP steels under cyclic indentation. Furthermore, the behavior induced at this scale may be quite different from that at the macroscopic length. At small scale, the effect of heterogeneities (i.e., austenitic grains with different crystallographic orientations, grain boundaries, martensitic lamella, inclusions, among others) on cyclic indentation response is not completely well understood. One of the important characteristics in plastic deformation of metallic materials subjected to cyclic mechanical loading is the change of the deformation resistance with the loading cycles, as was reported by Yang et al.[19] Furthermore, most metals display a dependence of hardening and/or softening with the loading cycles,[19] which indicates that these phenomena may be related to the nucleation and propagation of dislocations, as well as
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