Dynamic processes of the Dora Kamiyama rockslide in the Tibetan Plateau, China: geomorphic implication
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Dynamic processes of the Dora Kamiyama rockslide in the Tibetan Plateau, China: geomorphic implication Liyong Wang 1,2 & Zongji Yang 1
&
Gang Liu 1,2 & Shihao Liu 1,2 & Xiaolong Fu 1,2 & Jianping Qiao 1
Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The mechanisms of high-speed and long-runout landslides are reflected in the geomorphology of their deposits. Comprehensive field investigation using unmanned aerial vehicles photography was undertaken to observe special landforms of the Dora Kamiyama rockslide in the Tibetan Plateau. The dynamic processes of the rockslide were analysed based on the complex topography that remained. The age of sediments sampled from the landslide lake was tested through optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). In translation zone II, the landslide material near both edges underwent sinistral or dextral shearing motions, forming levees. In accumulation subzones III-1 and III-2, a rapid extensional sliding process contributed to toreva block formation. Transverse and longitudinal ridges developed due to compression-dominated processes in subzone III-2. Meanwhile, high-speed material was overturned in subzone III-3 due to the original topographical resistance, and carapace facies featuring abundant megablocks were clearly visible on the surface. Ridges confined by troughs were well-developed across the area experiencing rapid radial spreading motion in subzone III-4. Finally, dynamic parameters of the rockslide were calculated. The equivalent friction coefficient and the angle of reach were 0.40 and 21.80°, respectively. The maximum sliding velocity was estimated between 37.42 and 54.73 m/s. The OSL ages showed that the occurrence time of the rockslide can be estimated to be 4.24 ± 0.35 ka, defining it as an ancient landslide in the Holocene. Keywords High-speed and long-runout . Rockslide . Topography . Dynamic process . Dynamic parameters
Introduction High-speed long-distance rockslides have substantial destructive power (Lucas et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016). The dynamic processes of such rockslides are reflected in the complex topography they yield, such as toreva blocks, levees, ridges, and hummocks (Robinson et al. 2015; Panek et al. 2016; Dufresne et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018). The geomorphological characteristics of the deposits have long attracted scientific interest because they provide crucial in situ evidence of mass movement processes (Nicoletti and Parise 1996; Pouliquen et al. 1997; Friedmann et al. 2003; Evans et al. 2009; Valderrama et al. 2016). Dufresne and Davies (2009) studied the formation
* Zongji Yang [email protected] 1
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
mechanisms of complex deposit topography and their relationship with the dynamic processes of rock avalanches by statistically investigating formations including ridges, hummocks, and flow-band
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