Dynamic Propagation and Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) in Children: A Detailed Review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Dynamic Propagation and Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) in Children: A Detailed Review Yashwant Kumar Ratre1 · Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma1 · L. V. K. S. Bhaskar2 · Henu Kumar Verma3 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the circulating Swine flu virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the unique blending strain of influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) is a pandemic affecting several geographical regions, including India. Previous literature indicates that children are "drivers" of influenza pandemics. At present, satisfactory data were not available to accurately estimate the role of children in the spread of influenza (in particular 2009 pandemic influenza). However, the role of children in the spread of pandemics influenza is unclear. Several studies in children have indicated that the immunization program decreased the occurrence of influenza, emphasizing the significance of communities impacted by global immunization programs. This article provides a brief overview on how children are a key contributor to pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) and we would like to draw your attention to the need for a new vaccine for children to improve disease prevention and a positive impact on the community. Abbreviations ALRI Acute lower respiratory infections WHO World Health Organizations HA Hemagglutinin NA Neuraminidase ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ILI Influenza-like illness POCT Point of care testing RIDT Rapid influenza diagnostic tests LAIV Attenuated influenza vaccines IIV Inactivated influenza vaccine ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices DCGI Drug Controller General of India AAP American Academy of Pediatrics IAV Influenza A virus IBV Influenza B virus
* Henu Kumar Verma [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
2
Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
3
Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology CNR, Naples, Italy
Introduction Influenza virus (commonly known as ‘flu virus’ or ‘swine flu virus’) is a life-threatening pathogenic circulating virus, preferably infecting the respiratory tract. It has a unique ability to cause a recurrence epidemic and pandemics in individuals of all ages. In growing children, it causes acute lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia [1]. The proportion of hospitalizations for children can reflect the severity of the disease. It is estimated that 10% of all hospitalizations in children below 18 years of age are due to respiratory diseases and cause 3% of post-neonatal deaths worldwide [2]. The transmission of influenza contributed to several factors, including the probability of infection, the susceptibility of the population and the risk of contact between highly prone and infected individuals. Swine f
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