Dynamical Models and Numerical Weather Prediction (N.W.P.)
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Kshudiram Saha
The Earth’s Atmosphere Its Physics and Dynamics
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Dr. Kshudiram Saha 4008 Beechwood Road University Park MD 20782 USA [email protected]
ISBN: 978-3-540-78426-5
e-ISBN: 978-3-540-78427-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008925553 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Dedicated to Professor Meghnad Saha, D.Sc. F.N.I., F.Inst.P., F.R.S. The distinguished astrophysicist and my revered teacher who wisely advised me to opt for a career in meteorology In honoring him, I honor all my teachers, advisors and benefactors
Preface
The author has sought to incorporate in the book some of the fundamental concepts and principles of the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere, a knowledge and understanding of which should help an average student of science to comprehend some of the great complexities of the earth-atmosphere system, in which a threeway interaction between the atmosphere, the land and the ocean tends to maintain an overall mass and energy balance in the system through physical and dynamical processes. The book, divided into two parts and consisting of 19 chapters, introduces only those aspects of the subject that, according to the author, are deemed essential to meet the objective in view. The emphasis is more on clarity and understanding of physical and dynamical principles than on details of complex theories and mathematics. Attempt is made to treat each subject from first principles and trace its development to present state, as far as possible. However, a knowledge of basic calculus and differential equations is sine qua non especially for some of the chapters which appear later in the book. In Part-I (the physics part), Chap. 1, after introductory remarks about the place of the earth in the solar system, stresses the importance of solar radiation and gravitation in atmospheric physics and dynamics. Chap. 2 describes the origin, composition, structure and properties of the atmosphere. Heat and thermodynamics of a dry and moist atmosphere and the physics of formation of cloud and rain are discussed in Chaps. 3–5. Laws of radiation in general are reviewed in
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