Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan The British, Russia
This book examines how dependent development and struggles for power within and outside the state apparatus led to formation of alliances with imperial powers and how the latter used these alliances to manipulate political development in Afghanistan to th
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D y n a m i c s o f Po li t i c al Development in Afghanistan Th e B r i t i s h , Rus s ian , a n d A m er i c a n I nva sion s
Hafizullah Emadi
dynamics of political development in afghanistan Copyright © Hafizullah Emadi, 2010. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-10389-4 All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe, and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-28833-5 ISBN 978-0-230-11200-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230112001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: September 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated to the memory of my brother Habibullah.
C o n t e n ts
List of Tables
viii
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Chronology Introduction
xiii 1
1
Reform and Rebellion in Postindependence
11
2
Dawn of Political Liberalization
49
3
Military Putsch and Regime Change
87
4
State, Imperialism, and Dissident Movements
127
5
Mujahidin, Civil War, and the Taliban
167
6
Post-Taliban Politics of Reconstruction
205
Glossary
249
Notes
253
Bibliography
267
Index
277
Ta b l e s
2.1 U.S. and USSR loan and economic assistance, 1949–1972 (in millions of dollars) 3.1 U.S. and USSR economic assistance to Afghanistan, 1973–1977 (in millions of dollars) 4.1 Major Sunni political parties in the 1980s and 1990s 4.2 Major Shia Islamic parties in the 1980s and 1990s 4.3 Chronology of worker strikes, 1968 4.4 Chronology of student strikes, 1968 4.5 Major revolutionary organizations active in Afghanistan’s politics 6.1 Results of presidential election, October 9, 2004 6.2 Results of parliamentary election, September 18, 2005
84 96 137 145 149 151 153 217 219
P re fac e
Since the formation of Afghanistan as a nation in the early eighteenth century, the state apparatus was touted as an institution that serves the interest of all people regardless of their social and class affiliations, however, it ignored the needs of tribal and ethnic communities in favor of serving the interests of the ruling class. The class character of the state and its dependence on alien powers for political, financial, and military support eroded the legitimacy of the state and its leadership. Since then, conflicts of interest among Pashtun rulers has led to the formation of political alliances with imperial powers for support against their rivals; this factor p
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