Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests
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Edited by M. M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany O. L. Lange, Wurzburg, Germany H. A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany
Ecological Studies Volumes published since 1992 are listed at the end ofthis book.
Springer-V erlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
F. Roda
J. Retana C. A. Gracia J. Bellot (Eds.)
Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests With 84 Figures and 60 Tables
Springer
Ferran Roda Javier Retana Carlos A. Gracia Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) Autonomous University of Barcelona 08193 Barcelona Spain Juan Bellot Department of Ecology Faculty of Sciences University of Alicante PO Box 99 03080 Alicante Spain
ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN 978-3-642-63668-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data EcologyofMediterranean evergreen oak forests / F. Roda ... [et al.), (eds.) p. cm. (Ecological studies / Analysis and synthesis, 0070-8356; voI. 137) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-642-63668-4 ISBN 978-3-642-58618-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-58618-7 1. Forest ecology - Mediterranean Region. 2. Holm oak - Ecology - Mediterranean Region. 3. Forst ecology - Spain - Catalonia. 4. Holm oak - Ecology - Spain Catalonia. 5. Plant ecophysiology - Mediterranean Region. 6. Biogeochemistry - Mediterranean Region. 7. Plant ecophysiology - Spain - Catalonia. 8. Biogeochemistry - Spain - Catalonia. 1. Roda, F. (Ferran), 1953 - II. Series: Ecological studies; v. 137. Q314.5.E36 1999; 577.3'09182'2-dc21; 98-44830 This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifica1ly the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Coryright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1999
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: Design & Production GmbH, Heidelberg Camera ready by Ulrich Kunke1, Reichartshausen SPIN 10566121
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Preface
Broadleaved evergreen forests where holm oak (Quercus ilex 1.) is almost the only canopy tree are a distinctive ecosystem of the Mediterranean Basin. Biogeographically, these forests lie between cool-temperate deciduous forests to the north and drier shrublands to the south. In a more general view, they are ecologically interme
