Economic losses due to infection by apple scar skin viroid in Himachal Pradesh, India
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Economic losses due to infection by apple scar skin viroid in Himachal Pradesh, India Usha Sharma1 • Santosh Watpade2 • Bhupesh Gupta3 • Baswaraj Raigond4 Neelam Kumari1 • Puja Bhardwaj3 • Anil Handa3 • Pankaj Gupta1
•
Received: 18 February 2020 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 Ó Indian Virological Society 2020
Abstract Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), the type member of the genus Apscaviroid, induces symptoms only on fruits, which include colour dappling, russeting, cracking and distortion. Studies on viroid incidence were conducted during past five years and incidence up to 90.0 percent was recorded in commercial apple cultivars (Royal Delicious, Red Delicious, Red Gold, Golden Delicious). From 2015 to 2018, forty apple orchards were surveyed in different blocks of Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh and fruits in six orchards were found with typical symptoms of apple scar skin viroid infection without symptoms on leaves. The presence of ASSVd in symptomatic fruits and symptomless leaves were confirmed by RT- PCR. It was also revealed that ASSVd infection not only deteriorate the quality of apple fruits but cause large losses in term of yield, as 17.80 quintal less fruit production was recorded in the affected orchards with loss in net return up to Rs. 3,91,102/- per hectare (72.68% loss in net return per hectare). Keywords Apple Assvd Viroid Yield loss RT-PCR
& Usha Sharma [email protected] 1
Regional Horticultural and Training Station, Mashobra, Shimla, India
2
IARI Regional Station, Shimla, HP, India
3
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, HP, India
4
ICAR-CPRI, Shimla, HP, India
Introduction Horticultural crops play a key role in India’s economy by supplementary the income of rural people. A horticultural crop contributes 15.7 percent to agriculture GDP. Among temperate fruit crops, apple (Malus X domestica Borkh) is one of the most important crops of India. India with a production of 24,97,680 MT from an area of 3,13,040 ha was ranked sixth largest producer of apple in the world (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC). In India it is grown mainly in north western mountainous states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand. In North Eastern part of India, apple is grown in few hilly states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Sikkim on a limited scale. In Himachal Pradesh, apple is a leading commercial crop being cultivated over 1,11,896 ha with annual production 4,68,134 MT (http://www.hpa grisnet.gov.in/hpagris/Horticulture/Default.aspx?SiteID= 5&PageID=1219). Like other crops, apple also suffers from diseases of fungal, bacterial and graft transmissible pathogens (GTPs) etiology and causing huge economic losses to the farmers. Fungal and bacterial diseases can be managed by agrochemicals but diseases caused by graft transmissible pathogens are difficult to manage. Among GTPs, apple is reported to be infected with viroids like apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), apple fruit crinkle
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