Ecophysiology and ecological limits of symbiotrophic vesicomyid bivalves (Pliocardiinae) in the Southern Ocean
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ecophysiology and ecological limits of symbiotrophic vesicomyid bivalves (Pliocardiinae) in the Southern Ocean Katrin Linse1 · Julia D. Sigwart2,3 · Chong Chen4 · Elena M. Krylova5 Received: 15 October 2019 / Revised: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 11 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Geothermal energy provides an important resource in Antarctic marine ecosystems, exemplified by the recent discovery of large-sized chemosymbiotic vesicomyid bivalves (subfamily Pliocardiinae) in the Southern Ocean. These clams, which we identified as Archivesica s.l. puertodeseadoi, have been reported as dead shells in areas previously covered by Larsen A and B ice shelves (eastern Antarctic Peninsula) and as live animals from active hydrothermal sites in the Kemp Caldera (South Sandwich Arc) at depths of 852–1487 m. Before, A. puertodeseadoi was known only from its type locality in the Argentine Sea, so we considerably extend the range of the species. Observations taken by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) footage show that the clams can live buried in sediment, or epilithically on the surface of rocks in diffuse geothermal flow. Experimental respirometry was conducted at surface pressure on individual bivalves acclimated to either their habitat temperature (4 °C) or elevated temperature (10 °C). The range of standard metabolic rates, from 3.13 to 6.59 (MO2, μmol O2 h−1 g−1 dry tissue mass), is similar to rates measured ex situ for other species in this clade, and rates did not differ significantly between temperature groups. Taken together, these data indicate a range of ecophysiological flexibility for A. puertodeseadoi. Although adapted to a specialist mode of life, this bivalve exploits a relatively broad range of habitats in the Southern Ocean: within sulphidic sediments, epilithically in the presence of diffuse sulphidic flow, or in deep methane-enriched seawater trapped under ice. Keywords Caldera · Calyptogena · Deep sea · Hydrothermal vent · Oxygen metabolism · Vesicomyidae
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02717-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Julia D. Sigwart [email protected] 1
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
2
Marine Laboratory, Queen’s University Belfast, 12‑13 The Strand, Portaferry BT22 1PF, N. Ireland
3
Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
4
X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2‑15 Natsushima‑cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237‑0061, Japan
5
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy prospekt, Moscow 117997, Russia
Deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems were first discovered in 1977 around hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos Rift, starting with a surprising observation of dense assemblages of giant vesicomyid bivalves (Corliss et al. 1979). A few years after the discovery of
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